UCF Senior Design II Head-Mounted Display (HMD) Mini Map with “Lazer” Tag Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Central Florida Dr. Samuel Richie Summer 2019 Submitted August 2019 Group 2 Patrick Burton Computer Engineering Bailey Duryea Photonic Science and Engineering Nicholas Harris Photonic Science and Engineering Aaron True Computer Engineering Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary.......................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Narrative Description......................................................................1 1.2 Requirements...............................................................................................2 1.3 Market Analysis...........................................................................................3 2. Research on Project Related Topics..............................................................................4 2.1 Existing Products.........................................................................................5 2.1.1 Laser Tag Pro with CallSign App.............................................5 2.1.2 Intager Raptor 2S and Smartbox...............................................6 2.1.3 QuasAR Arena..........................................................................6 2.2 Real Time Location System Research.........................................................6 2.2.1 RFID.........................................................................................7 2.2.2 GPS...........................................................................................7 2.2.3 UWB.........................................................................................8 2.2.4 Wi-Fi.........................................................................................8 2.2.5 Bluetooth...................................................................................9 2.3 RTLS Related Concepts Research.............................................................10 2.3.1 Time of Arrival.......................................................................10 2.3.2 Time Difference of Arrival.....................................................11 2.3.3 Line of Sight...........................................................................11 2.3.4 Received Signal Strength Indicator........................................11 2.4 Power Source.............................................................................................12 2.4.1 Comparison of Battery Types.................................................12 2.4.2 DC-DC Conversion................................................................14 2.4.3 DC-DC Parts Comparison......................................................15 2.5 Software.....................................................................................................16 2.5.1 Comparison of Programming Languages...............................16 2.5.2 Software Interconnectivity Research......................................17 2.6 Housing......................................................................................................18 2.6.1 Housing Comparison of Materials..........................................18 2.7 Laser Tag System Research.......................................................................21 2.7.1 Design Considerations............................................................21 2.7.2 Transmitter Subsystem Research............................................24 2.7.3 Receiver Subsystem Research................................................26 2.7.4 Parts Comparison....................................................................30 2.8 Wireless Connection Types.......................................................................33 2.8.1 Parts Comparison....................................................................34 2.9 Mixed Reality Optics.................................................................................35 2.9.1 Lens Comparison………………………………………........38 2.10 Display Sources.....................................................................................38 2.10.1 LCD........................................................................................39 2.10.2 LED.........................................................................................40 2.10.3 OLED......................................................................................40 2.10.4 ΜLED.....................................................................................41 2.10.5 Pico Projector Displays...........................................................41 i 2.10.6 Parts Comparison....................................................................42 2.11 Orientation Hardware.........................................................................43 2.11.1 Gyroscope..........................................................................43 2.11.2 Gyrocompass......................................................................44 2.11.3 Kalman Filter.....................................................................44 2.11.4 Parts Comparison...............................................................44 2.12 Part Comparison: Microcontrollers....................................................46 2.12.1 Texas Instruments Microcontrollers..................................46 2.12.2 Arduino Microcontrollers..................................................49 2.13 Part Comparison: Bluetooth Beacons................................................50 2.13.1 Eddystone Bluetooth Beacons...........................................50 3. Project Design..............................................................................................................53 3.1 Peripheral Housing Design........................................................................53 3.2 Game Design..............................................................................................56 3.3 Interface Design.........................................................................................56 3.3.1 Heads-Up Display Interface Design.......................................56 3.3.2 Server Client Interface Design................................................57 3.4 Game Software Design..............................................................................58 3.4.1 Game Software Flowchart......................................................59 3.4.2 Game Software Class Diagram...............................................60 3.5 Initial Circuit Designs................................................................................61 3.5.1 Laser Diode Circuit.................................................................62 3.5.2 DC/DC Converter...................................................................62 3.5.3 Microncontroller Circuits.......................................................63 3.5.4 PCB Design............................................................................65 3.6 Laser Transmitter and Receiver Design.....................................................66 3.6.1 Laser Collimating Optics Selection........................................66 3.6.2 Driver Circuit Design.............................................................70 3.6.3 Photodiode Sensing Circuit Design........................................72 3.7 Wireless Connectivity Hardware Design...................................................75 3.8 Orientation Hardware Design....................................................................75 3.9 Power Source & DC-DC Conversion Design............................................76 3.9.1 Power Source Selection..........................................................76 3.9.2 DC to DC Converter Selection...............................................77 3.10 Software Language Selection................................................................78 3.11 Display Hardware Design.....................................................................78 3.12 Mixed Reality Optics Design................................................................79 4. Realistic Design Constraints & Related Standards......................................................82 4.1 Health and Safety Constraints...................................................................82 4.2 Manufacturability and Sustainability Constraints......................................84 4.3 Economic and Time Constraints................................................................85 4.4 Ethical, Social, and Political Constraints...................................................86 4.5 Battery Standard.........................................................................................86 4.5.1 Design Impact of Battery Standard.........................................87 4.6 Software Requirements Specifications Practice Standard.........................88 4.6.1 Design Impact of SRS Practice Standard...............................90 ii 4.7 Housing Standard.......................................................................................91 4.7.1 Design Impact of Housing Standard.......................................91 4.8 IEEE 802.15.1 Standard.............................................................................91 4.9 Wi-Fi Hardware Standards........................................................................92 4.10 Orientation Hardware Standards...........................................................92 4.10.1 Gyroscope Standards..............................................................93 4.10.2 Accelerometer