Mortuary Variability and Status Differentiation on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau Relationship between Age and Number of Artifact Type Yakima Valley Lorenz Curves Richness GLV Proportion of "Wealth" of "Wealth" Proportion Types No. Average Rick J. Schulting Archaeology Press Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C. Mortuary Variability and Status Differentiation on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau by Rick J. Schulting Archaeology Press Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 1995 c Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University 1995 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Mortuary Variability and Status Differentiation on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau ISBN 0-86491-150-5 I. Indians of North America - Northwest North America - Burial Practices. I. Schulting, Rick J. 1964- II. Simon Fraser University. Department of Archaeology Publication No. 21. Printed and bound in Canada. Table of Contents List of Tables................................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures................................................................................................................vi Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................... ...... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 The Plateau ................................................................................................................................. 2 Mortuary Studies on the Plateau ............................................................................................. 2 Organisation of Chapters ........................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 5 Inequality and Status ................................................................................................................. 8 The Basis of Inequality ............................................................................................................ 9 Achieved vs. Ascribed Status ....................................................................................................11 Emulation ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Dimensions of Mortuary Variability ....................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3: METHODS .................................................................................................................... 23 Analytical Design ...................................................................................................................... 25 Age and Sex .............................................................................................................................. 26 Grave Inclusions and Assemblage Richness .......................................................................... 27 Measures of Inequality ............................................................................................................. 30 The Lorenz Curve and Gini Index ........................................................................... 30 Levels of Significance .............................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER 4: ARTIFACT CLASSES ................................................................................................ 33 Sociotechnic Items ................................................................................................................... 35 Burial Shrouds, Clothing, and Insignia .................................................................. 35 Marine Shells ............................................................................................................. 35 Bone and Tooth Ornamentation ............................................................................... 37 Turquoise ..................................................................................................................... 37 Bone and Antler Combs ........................................................................................... 38 Steatite .......................................................................................................................... 38 Stone and Antler Clubs ............................................................................................ 39 Copper ........................................................................................................................... 40 Whalebone Clubs ...................................... 43 Utilitarian Objects ..................................................................................................................... 44 Nephrite Celts ............................................................................................................. 44 Atlatl Weights ............................................................................................................. 44 Projectile Points and Knives .................................................................................... 45 Mauls and Pestles ...................................................................................................... 46 Digging Stick Handles .............................................................................................. 46 Tsagiglalal: The “Grinning Face” Motif ............................................................................... 46 Status and the Guardian Spirit Complex ............................................................................... 50 Trade Networks ......................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 5: PLATEAU ETHNOGRAPHY: The Case for Social Complexity ................................ 55 The Columbia Plateau ............................................................................................................. 57 The Wishram ............................................................................................................. 57 The Umatilla ............................................................................................................. 61 The Nez Perce .......................................................................................................... 61 The Spokan and Coeur d’Alene ............................................................................. 62 The Yakima ................................................................................................................ 63 The Columbia and Wenatchi .................................................................................. 63 The Sanpoil-Nespelem ........................................................................ 64 The Colville (Shwayip) ............................................................................................ 65 The Sinkaietk ............................................................................................................. 66 The Canadian Plateau ............................................................................................................... 67 The Okanagan/Similkameen ....................................................................................... 67 The Thompson (Nlha7kapmx) ................................................................................... 68 The Lillooet (StJ’atl’imx) .......................................................................................... 69 The Shuswap (Secwepemc) ....................................................................................... 71 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 6: PLATEAU BURIAL ASSEMBLAGES ....................................................................... 77 The Lower Middle Columbia .................................................................................................. 77 The Dalles-Deschutes .................................................................................................. 77 Leachman ....................................................................................................................... 81 Congdon, 45-KL-41 .................................................................................................... 82 Indian Well ................................................................................................................... 84 Atlatl Valley .............................................................................................. 84 Maybe ............................................................................................................................ 85 Beek’s Pasture ......................... 85 S undale ........................................................................................................................... 87 Bead Patch ...................................................................................................................