1 U.S. Army Military Intelligence History: A Sourcebook Edited by James P. Finley U.S. Army Intelligence Center & Fort Huachuca Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 1995 U.S. Army Intelligence History: A Sourcebook Contents Dedication .............................................................. 7 Preface .................................................................. 8 The Beginnings ..................................................... 11 PETER KROSS * George Washington: Americas First Spymaster .......................................................... 15 EDMUND R. THOMPSON * Army Intelligence at Yorktown: Catalyst to Victory ............................................... 18 DIANE L. HAMM * Deserter in the Ranks ..................... 23 The Civil War........................................................ 26 PETER MASLOWSKI * Military Intelligence Sources During the American Civil War: A Case Study ...................... 30 ERNEST A. MILLER * Confederate Espionage ................ 51 Indian Wars.......................................................... 55 MICHAEL E. BIGELOW * A Historical Perspective on Low-Intensity Conflict:The Apache Campaign Under Gen- eral Crook ......................................................... 59 ELIZABETH BETHEL * The Military Information Division: Origin of the Intelligence Division ............................ 62 Spanish-American War ............................................ 69 JOHN DELLA-GIUSTINA * Intelligence in Peace Operations: A Historical Example: The Military Information Division (MID) in Cuba, 1906-1909 ..................................... 73 World War I Era .................................................... 79 RALPH VAN DEMAN * Historical Sketch...2 ................. 91 THE FUNCTION OF THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVI- SION............................................................... 108 JAMES P. WALSH * United States Army Intelligence School, France, 1918 ..................................................... 121 JOHN P. FINNEGAN * U.S. Army Counterintelligence in CO- NUSThe World War I Experience .......................... 123 MID and the German Spy in Nogales, Arizona3 ............. 130 JAMES L. GILBERT * U.S. Army COMSEC in World War I 135 DIANE L. HAMM * Aerial ReconnaissanceIts Beginnings141 WILLIAM A. MORGAN * Invasion of the Ether: Radio Intelli- gence at the Battle of St. Mihiel September 1918 .......... 145 WILLIAM F. FRIEDMAN * A Brief History of The Signal In- telligence Service4 .............................................. 152 World War II Era.................................................. 159 JOHN P. FINNEGAN * U.S. Army Signals Intelligence in World War II: An Overview .................................. 170 GARY M. BATEMAN * The Enigma Cipher Machine ....... 177 WARRACK WALLACE * Report on Assignment with Third United States Army, 15 August-18 September 1944, Special Research History-108 ........................................... 182 DINO A. BRUGIONI * Auschwitz - Birkenau ................. 187 MICHAEL E. BIGELOW * Eisenhower and Intelligence.... 190 MICHAEL E. BIGELOW * Intelligence in the Philippines.. 196 KEVIN R. AUSTRA * The Battle of the Bulge: The Secret Of- fensive ............................................................. 202 MICHAEL E. BIGELOW * Big Business: Intelligence in Pattons Third Army ............................................ 209 JOHN DELLA-GIUSTINA * The Heroic Stand of an Intelli- gence Platoon: A Symbol of the Combat Ability of MI Sol- diers ............................................................... 215 Preface to Second Volume ....................................... 220 Korean War Era ................................................... 222 MICHAEL E. BIGELOW * Disaster Along the Chongchon: Intelligence Breakdown in Korea ............................. 224 The Vietnam Era................................................... 230 DONALD G. BENNETT * Spot Report: Intelligence, Vietnam 235 GEORGE D. LIVINGSTON, JR. * PERSHING II: Success Amid Chaos ...................................................... 239 MARC B. POWE * Which Way for Tactical Intelligence After Vietnam? .......................................................... 242 JOSEPH A. MC CHRISTIAN * Lessons Learned in Vietnam 247 JOHN D. BERGEN * The Electronic Battlefield.............. 248 Post-Vietnam Growth ............................................. 263 JOHN F. STEWART, JR. * Operation URGENT FURY: The 525th MI Group Perspective .................................. 269 JOSEPH W. PRESTON * JUST CAUSE: Intelligence Support to Special Operations Aviation ................................ 272 VICTOR M. ROSELLO * Operation JUST CAUSE: The Divi- sional MI Battalion, The Nonlinear Battlefield, and AirLand Operations-Future ............................................... 275 Operation DESERT SHIELD/STORM ........................ 279 JOHN F. STEWART, JR. * DESERT STORM: A Third U.S. Army Perspective ................................................ 284 RICHARD J. QUIRK, III * A Division G-2s Perspective of Operation DESERT STORM5 ................................ 293 OVERSIGHT AND INVESTIGATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE In- telligence Successes and Failures in Operations DESERT SHIELD/STORM ................................................ 313 MARTIN S. KLEINER * Joint STARS Goes to War .......... 335 DANIEL F. BAKER * Deep Attack: A Military Intelligence Task Force in DESERT STORM .............................. 341 GARY P. MELTON * XVIII Airborne Corps Desert Deception 345 BRIAN FREDERICKS AND RICHARD WIERSEMA * Battle- field TECHINT: Support of Operations DESERT SHIELD/ STORM............................................................ 348 General Army Intelligence ....................................... 354 MARC B. POWE * The History of American Military Intelli- gence: A Review of Selected Literature ..................... 356 DONALD W. CAIRNS * UAVsWhere We Have Been ..... 363 The History of Security Monitoring ............................. 366 JAMES P. FINLEY * A Moveable Beast: The Travels of the MI Sphinx ......................................................... 375 JAMES P. FINLEY * The Uncertain Oracle: Some Intelligence Failures Revisited ............................................... 377 JAMES P. FINLEY * A Brief History of U.S. Army Military Intelligence Training ............................................ 396 Heraldry ............................................................. 417 Index ................................................................. 420 Dedication According to some social scientists, notably Alvin and Heidi Toffler, the Age of Information is upon us, logically succeeding such grand epochs as the Age of Agronomy and the Age of Indus- trialization. Now, they say, information and its processing will be the force that shapes us and determines our future. MI soldiers have been the harbingers of the Age of Information through- out the 20th century. They have recognized early, spurred on by the urgency of military contin- gencies, that information is the lifeblood of military operations and they sought to devise more and better ways to collect and disseminate intelligence. Since the days of the Revolutionary War when George Washington, starved for information about his enemys intentions, ordered spies to send reports to him exclusively by express courier, intelligence-minded officers in the U.S. Army have inventively ushered in the Age of Information. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe unspooled a telegraph wire from the basket of his balloon in 1861 so that he could pass along his observations instanta- neously. Benjamin Foulois, suspended in his Army Aeroplane No. 1 from the ceiling of a Chi- cago Exposition hall, sent the first wireless message to the ground below in 1910. In the DESERT STORM operations of 1991, TV pictures of battle damage were viewed by millions of Americans hours after the air strikes had taken place. From Valley Forge to the Basra Valley, from lanterns in church bell towers to TROJAN SPIRIT, the intelligence-minded have relied upon their re- sourcefulness to send out their early warnings. They are the cognoscenti of the Information Age. As we turn the corner into the 21st century, their day has come. It is to all the members of the MI Corps and to their forbearers that these volumes are dedicated. U.S. Army Intelligence History: A Sourcebook Preface Defining military intelligence as all the knowledge which we have of the enemy and his country, Carl von Clausewitz goes on to discount its trustworthiness. Great part of the information obtained in War is contradictory, a still greater part is false, and by far the greatest part is of a doubtful character. To sift through the false and exaggerated intelligence in the thick of war calls for an experienced and history- minded commander. Clausewitz says, What is required of an officer is a certain power of discrimina- tion, which only knowledge of men and things and good judgment can give. Military intelligence has come a long way since the Napoleonic wars. The art has combined with science and a large array of sophisticated sources tend to filter out many of the lies and untruths with which Clausewitz concerned himself. The commander has a much more trustworthy tool at hand. In modern warfare, however, the commander will rely to no less a degree on the power of discrimination that good judgment can give. Convinced that judgment is honed by the two-sided whetstone of experience and history, these volumes gather together some essays on military intelligence that have been written by both sitting historians and U.S.