CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF HOT SPRINGSTOWARD HEALHT TOURISM AND RECREATIONIN KANCHANABURI, THAILAND By MS. Nuntana LADPLEE A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2020 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF HOT SPRINGSTOWARD HEALHT TOURISM AND RECREATIONIN KANCHANABURI, THAILAND โดย MS.Nuntana LADPLEE วทิ ยานิพนธ์น้ีเป็นส่วนหน่ึงของการศึกษาตามหลกั สูตรปรัชญาดุษฎีบณั ฑิต สาขาวิชาArchitectural Heritage Management and Tourism Plan 2.1 บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร ปีการศึกษา 2563 ลิขสิทธ์ิของบณั ฑิตวทิ ยาล ยั มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF HOT SPRINGSTOWARD HEALHT TOURISM AND RECREATIONIN KANCHANABURI, THAILAND By MS. Nuntana LADPLEE A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2020 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University Title CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF HOT SPRINGSTOWARD HEALHT TOURISM AND RECREATIONIN KANCHANABURI, THAILAND By Nuntana LADPLEE Field of Study Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Advisor Tippawan Tangpoonsupsiri , Ph.D. Graduate School Silpakorn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Dean of graduate school (Associate Professor Jurairat Nunthanid, Ph.D.) Approved by Chair person (Associate Professor Kreangkrai Kirdsiri , Ph.D.) Advisor ( Tippawan Tangpoonsupsiri , Ph.D.) Co advisor ( Ken Taylor , Prof.Dr.) External Examiner (Assistant Professor Donruetai Kovathanakul ) D ABSTRACT 59056951 : Major Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Keyword : Cultural Landscape, Health Tourism, Hot Spring Kanchanaburi, Recreation, Thong Pha Phum MS. NUNTANA LADPLEE : CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF HOT SPRINGSTOWARD HEALHT TOURISM AND RECREATIONIN KANCHANABURI, THAILAND THESIS ADVISOR : TIPPAWAN TANGPOONSUPSIRI, Ph.D. The dissertation examined the significance and focused two hot spring sites: Hin Dad and Lin Thin hot springs in the watershed called ‘River Kwai Noi Watershed of Thong Pha Phum’ in Kanchanaburi. The study connected between physical environment factors and socio-economic factors. Natural settings are physical environment factors which involved waterscape or/and landscape, animals or/and plants, and topography. Social settings are socio-economic factors that related to accessibility, community and culture within Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi. Both natural and social settings around the hot springs determine good living environmental conditions for community that have the quality of health tourism and recreation in the area. Using its own advantages of natural and social settings, it may become the driving force of health tourism and recreation with concern on sustainable tourism development. The main purpose was to investigate the potential of the hot spring cultural landscape to cater for health tourism and recreation in Kanchanaburi. There were four research objectives: (1) to gather historical development of hot springs as tourism destinations in other continents, (2) to identify settings where natural hot spring and its surroundings are integrated in health tourism and recreation, (3) to explore the cultural landscape of hot spring as a tourism resource, and (4) to propose recommendations for sustainable development of hot spring destination toward health tourism and recreation. The significance was identified through five values: aesthetic, historic, scientific, social and spiritual values. The research studied by combination tools of qualitative research methodology: field study, semi-structured interview, focus group and participant observation. The author’s personal interest on hot spring and spa sectors may motivate its tourism industry in some degree and gain more useful information to drive Thai hot spring tourism, spa business and community-based tourism as well. The ‘Therapy Town’ model recommended for hot spring tourism destination could be as a signature of Thong Pha Phum or elsewhere in the future. E ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to communities and stakeholders in Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi where I have pleasingly experienced throughout my research. Even though, facing COVID-19 situation during 2019-2021 sometimes disturbed my life and discouraged myself. Nevertheless, the success of this dissertation attributed to the support, inspiration and guidance from Professor Emeritus Ken Taylor, Ph.D., from the Centre for Heritage and Museum Studies, Research School of Humanities and the Arts, The Australian National University, Canberra. I also would like to express my deepest appreciation to Tippawan Tangpoonsupsiri, Ph.D. and my dissertation committee members of Silpakorn University, for their great support and precious advice. I indeed thank Ms. Thienrat Sakasuoarerk, who have facilitated me throughout the program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism. Importantly, I do appreciate my family members: Mrs.Winunta Ladplee, Mr.Preecha Ladplee and my sisters for their tremendous love, encouragement and understanding throughout my life, without them I would not have finished this dissertation. Nuntana LADPLEE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. D ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... E TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... F LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... I LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... L CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Statement of Research ................................................................................... 2 1.2 Definitions of Key Terminology ........................................................................ 10 1.2.1 Hot Springs ............................................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Spa ............................................................................................................ 11 1.2.3 Cultural Landscape ................................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Health Tourism ......................................................................................... 15 1.2.4 Recreation ................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS ................................................................... 19 2.1 Review of Cultural Landscapes ......................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Hot Spring ................................................................................................. 19 2.1.2 Spa Town .................................................................................................. 20 2.1.3 National Park ............................................................................................ 21 2.1.4 Mountain Range ....................................................................................... 23 2.2 Review of Hot Spring Tourism with Special Role of the Health Sector ........... 24 G 2.3 Review of Hot Spring Tourism with Special Role of the Recreation Sector .... 26 2.4 The Geophysical Background of Hot Springs ................................................... 28 2.4.1 Review of Geophysical Background of Hot Springs in Thailand ............ 28 2.4.2 Review of Geothermal Utilization of Natural Hot Springs in Thailand ... 30 2.4.3 Four Decades of Geothermal Research and Development in Thailand .... 32 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 37 3. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Documentary Research ................................................................................ 37 3.2 Field Study ................................................................................................... 38 3.3 Participant Observation ............................................................................... 38 3.4 Semi-structured Interview ........................................................................... 38 3.5 Focus Group ................................................................................................ 45 3.6 Conceptual framework ................................................................................ 45 CHAPTER 4 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HOT SPRING TOURISM DESTINATION IN OTHER CONTINENTS ............................................................. 48 4. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 48 4.1 The European Hot Spring Destination ........................................................ 48 4.2 The Asian Hot Spring Destinations