Family: Anacardiaceae Taxon: Spondias mombin Synonym: Spondias lutea L. Common Name: hog-plum Jamaica-plum yellow mombin mombin Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Patti Clifford Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Patti Clifford WRA Score 10 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 9/9/2011 Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) Page 1 of 9 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 y 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 10 Print Date: 9/9/2011 Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) Page 2 of 9 Supporting Data: 101 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence of domestication that reduces invasive ability. 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Has the species become naturalized where grown?] NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Does the species have weedy races?] NA 201 2011. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet Program. Germplasm Resources Information habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical"? High] Native Network (GRIN) [Online Database Index]. range: Mexico; Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Nicaragua; Panama; National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Brazil; Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- Paraguay. bin/npgs/html/index.pl 202 2011. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources [ Quality of climate match data? High] Native range: Mexico; Belize; Costa Rica; Program. Germplasm Resources Information El Salvador; Guatemala; Nicaragua; Panama; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Network (GRIN) [Online Database Index]. Brazil; Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Paraguay. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- bin/npgs/html/index.pl 203 1985. Janzen, D.H.. Spondias mombin is [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? ] Spondias mombin is a culturally deprived in mega-fauna-free forest. lowland tree and usually occurs below 1000 m] Journal of Tropical Ecology. 1: 131-155. 203 1987. Morton, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] This is a strictly tropical Morton, Miami, FL tree, not growing above an elevation of 3,200 ft (1,000 m) in South America. It is http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton well-adapted to arid as well as humid zones. 203 1992. Francis, J.K.. Spondia mombin L. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] In Mexico grows from hogplum - Anacardiaceae- cashew family. SO- near sea-level to 1200m. ITF-Sm-51: .U.S. Forest Service, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/sm_iitf051%2 0%20%284%29.pdf 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "S. mombin is best CAB International, Wallingford, UK adapted to hot, lowland tropics, and grows only where no frost occurs Despite rainfall every month in some areas, there is a dry season of 1-5 months in most of its native range. S. mombin grows in the semi-deciduous forests of Venezuela which receive a mean annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm and where the average annual temperature is 23-28°C it is found growing in areas with a mean annual rainfall of 1500 mm or more in Brazil and 1250-2000 mm in Puerto Rico. It also grows in drier areas as a riparian species." Climatic amplitude (estimates) - Altitude range: 0 - 1200 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 2000 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; uniform - Dry season duration: 1 - 5 months - Mean annual temperature: 23 - 28ºC 204 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Widely CAB International, Wallingford, UK cultivated and naturalized in tropical Africa. 204 2011. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Native Program. Germplasm Resources Information range: Mexico; Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Nicaragua; Panama; Network (GRIN) [Online Database Index]. Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Brazil; Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Paraguay. Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- bin/npgs/html/index.pl 205 1987. Morton, J.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Morton, Miami, FL range? Yes] The tree is native and common in moist lowland forests from http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil, and in many of the West Indies. It has been planted in Bermuda; is grown to a limited extent in India and Indonesia; is rare in Malaya, but widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical Africa. 205 1992. Francis, J.K.. Spondia mombin L. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural hogplum - Anacardiaceae- cashew family. SO- range? Yes] Naturalized in Africa and other tropical areas and widely cultivated. ITF-Sm-51: .U.S. Forest Service, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/sm_iitf051%2 0%20%284%29.pdf Print Date: 9/9/2011 Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) Page 3 of 9 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] "S. mombin was introduced to Florida, USA by the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences for research and to tropical Africa for food production. It has been planted in Bermuda, and is cultivated to a limited extent in India and Indonesia; it is rare in Malaysia, but widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical Africa." 301 1992. Francis, J.K.. Spondia mombin L. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] Naturalized in Africa and other tropical hogplum - Anacardiaceae- cashew family. SO- areas. ITF-Sm-51: .U.S. Forest Service, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/sm_iitf051%2 0%20%284%29.pdf 301 2003. Haysom, K.A./Murphy, S.T.. The status of [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] Naturalized in Curacao. invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natual habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/3E. Forestry Department. FAO, Rome ftp://ftp.fao.org/doc 301 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] Widely cultivated and naturalized in CAB International, Wallingford, UK tropical Africa.