Broadcasting Around The World by William E. McCavitt g1,s9 (1i3 b FIRST PRINTING FIRST EDITION Copyright © 1981 by TAB BOOKS Inc. Printed in the United States of America Reproduction or publication of the content in any manner, without express permission of the publisher, is prohibited. No liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information herein. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data McCavitt, William E Broadcasting around the world. Includes index. 1. Broadcasting. I. Title. HE8689.4.M32 384.54 80-19929 ISBN 0-8306-9913-9 No. 1193 $22.95 Broadcasting Around The World by William E. McCavitt TAB BOOKS Inc. TAB BLUE RIDGE SUMMIT, PA. 17214 Contents Preface 6 1 Broadcasting in the Republic of South Africa 9 The Shaping of South African Broadcasting -Historical Perspective-Radio Programming-Research-Television Ser- vices 2 Broadcasting in Poland 25 Birth of Polish Broadcasting-Organization of Broadcasting In Poland-Radio Program Development-Polish Radio Broadcast- ing During World War II-Radio Services After The War- Organization of Radio and Television Services In Postwar Poland-Radio Program Development-Development of Televi- sion Technology-Development of Television Programming- Prospects for the Future Development of Radio and Television 3 Broadcasting In Russia 52 Before the Revolution-After the Revolution-Growth and Con- tribution of Broadcasting-Programming Developments- Television Development-Central Television Network-National Radio Network-International Broadcasting-The Outlook for Future Growth 4 Broadcasting In Japan 76 The Influence of Television-NHK: Japan's Public Broadcasting Organization-Engineering and Facilities-International Ac- tivities: International Cooperation-Japan Prize Contest- Research and Surveys-Radio and Television Culture Research Institute-Public Opinion Research Institute-Technical Re- search Laboratories-Broadcasting Science Research Laboratories-New Developments-Chronological History of NHK 5 Broadcasting In the Republic of South Korea 98 AM Radio-FM Radio-Shortwave Broadcasting-Television- Broadcasting Ethics Committee-Programming-The Future 6 Broadcasting In Israel 107 Palestine Broadcasting Service-Clandestine Israeli Broadcasting-Israel Broadcasting Service-Television- Modern Radio Broadcasting-Modern Television-The Future Of Broadcasting 7 Broadcasting In Canada 120 The Canadian Broadcast Commission-CRTC Established- Broadcasting During The War-Postwar Broadcasting-The Public -Private Link-The Radio Years-Television-Cable Television-A Mixed System-The Components of Canadian Broadcasting-The Current Scene-Broadcasting In the 1980s 8 Broadcasting In the United States 133 Commercial Broadcasting-Regulation-Programming- Ratings-Non Commissional Broadcasting-New Technology -Cable Television-Home Video-The Future: Regulation Vs. Deregulation 9 Broadcasting In Brazil 179 National Historical Background-Early Telecommunications- The Beginning of Brazilian Radio Broadcasting-Brazilian Broad- casting Laws-The Process of Opening a Radio or Television Station-On the Renewal of Licenses-National Integration- Radio and Television Programming-Obligatory Government Programs-The Social Impact of Radio Broadcasting-The Fu- ture of Broadcasting 10 Broadcasting In Guyana 197 Environment for Broadcasting-Evolution of Broadcasting- Broadcasting Today-Future of Broadcasting 11 Broadcasting In India 207 Development of Broadcasting-Challenge Lost-Postwar Broad- cast Services-Attempt to Break Government Control- Government Programming-Audience Complexities-Program Quality-Future Prospects. 12 Broadcasts In the Federal Republic of Germany 220 History of the German Broadcasting System-Postwar Broadcasting-What Is Programming-The Licensing Procedure-Broadcasting Control-Financing-The Program Organizers-What Do Programs Contain?-Audience Research 13 Broadcasting In Britain 232 Origin and Development-Organization of Broadcasting Authorities-Broadcasting Services-Regional and Local Broadcasting-Independent Broadcasting Authority-Treatment of Controversial Subjects-Education Programs-Advertising- Copyright In Broadcasting-Audience Research-Eurovision- Intercontinental Television 14 Broadcasting In Ireland 264 Establishment of Broadcast Service-A Mature Service- Television Arrives-Television Programming Today-Radio Since Television-Radio na Gaeltachta-Outside the Republic - Music -Making - Publications - Audience Research-European Link-Consultancy Service-Finance- Advertising- Broadcasting Obligations-Advisory Com- mittees - Organizational Structure - Statistics And Related Information 15 Broadcasting In Italy 275 The Institutional Setup-Historical Development-RAI Organization-RAI Origanizational Structure-Control of RAI- The Parliamentary Commission-Program Planning Constraints-Technical Undertakings-Constraints on Financial Management-Sources of Income-Relations with Controlled and Connected Companies 16 Broadcasting In the Netherlands 287 The Dutch Broadcasting System: Competing for the Support of the Public-The Beginnings of Radio Broadcasting-The Rise of the Broadcasting Organizations-Government Policy-Television- Advertising-The Broadcasting Act-The Dutch World Broadcast- ing Service 17 Broadcasting In Sweden 299 Broadcasting Organization-Program Content Control-Politics and Fairness-Audience Research-Imported Programs- Program Violence and Sex-"Competitive" Programming 18 Australian Brodcasting 313 Development of Radio Broadcasting-Development of Television-Public Broadcasting and the SBS-Broadcast Regulation-The Future-Source References Appendix: Additional Reading 328 Index 334 Preface This book came about because of the interest developed at Syracuse University in the early '60s in the field of international broadcasting. It was during this time, as a graduate assistant, that I came in contact with broadcasters from various countries around the world as they came to this country to study our system of broadcasting. Over the years I have had an opportunity to visit some of these countries and study their particular approach to broadcasting. We can always learn from others and this is true in broadcasting also. This book will give students of broadcasting a chance to read about radio and television in other countries. Each chapter has been written either by an individual involved in broadcasting in their respective country or has been contributed by the official broadcast system of the country. Compiling such a book has presented some unique experiences such as calling Australia and being put on hold, hearing our campus operator saying "You have a call from Jerusalem," and having a chapter arrive with one page missing. The cooperation of the contributors has been excellent and I appreciate the time and effort put into each chapter by the authors and organizations involved: South Africa: Dr. T. L. de Koning, Rand Afrikaans University Poland: Professor Stanislaw Miszczak, Warsaw University Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Dr. Valdimir Yaroshenko, Moscow State University Japan: Public Relations Bureau, Japan Broadcasting Corporation Korea: "Annals of Newspapers & Broadcasting in Korea 1979," published by Korea Research Institute of Journalism Israel: Mr. Ari Avnerre, counselor to the director general, Israel Broadcasting Authority Canada: Mr. Albert A. Shea, senior planning officer, Canadian Radio - Television & Telecommunications Commission United States: Dr. Bob Wallace, Edinboro State College, Edinboro, PA 6 Brazil: Mrs. Esmiralda Teixeira, Departmento Nacional De Tele- comunicacoes Guyana: Mr. Ron Sanders, communications consultant to the Govern- ment of Antigua India: Ms. Mehra Masani, vice-president, International Institute of Communications Great Britain: British Information Services, Central Office of Informa- tion Germany: Dr. Richard Dill, coordinator of international relations, Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ireland: Louis McRedmond, head of Information & Publications, Radio Telefis Eireann Italy: Italian Radio Television Netherlands: Dr. Hans Van Den Heuvel, Government Department of Culture, Recreation & Social Welfare Sweden: Mr. Herbert Soderstrom, information director, Swedish Broad- casting Corporation Australia: Mr. Peter Lucas, senior officer, Australian Broadcasting Commission Special thanks must go to TAB Books for their willingness to publish such a book, the International Institute of Communication for their cooperation and encouragement, and last but not least to Helen Clinton, my graduate assistant, who helped keep the project moving. William E. McCavitt 7 Chapter 1 Broadcasting in the Republic of South Africa Prof. T.L. de Koning Rand Afrikaans University Not only political factors, but also geographic, economic, and cultural factors determined the existing broadcasting system in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). Broadcasting in the Republic of South Africa is run and controlled by the giant corporation, the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). In principle the SABC is a state-subsized monopoly and, apart from the board, appointed by the minister of national education, the SABC is supposedly autonomous. Throughout the history of the SABC, however, both the Nationalist and United Party governments have been accused of nepotism in key appointments and of misusing the broadcasting medium for political aims. THE SHAPING OF SOUTH AFRICAN BROADCASTING To fully appreciate the present system of broadcasting in the RSA, it is necessary to look at those factors which determined the present system of broadcasting as well as the historical