WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBOOK II WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBooK Warfare O fficers C areer H andbook IV WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBooK Foreword The Warfare Officers Career Handbook provides information for members of the Royal Australian Navy’s Warfare community. For the purposes of this handbook, the Warfare community is deemed to include all officers of the Seaman, Pilot and Observer Primary Qualifications. The Warfare Officer Community symbiotically contains personnel from the seaman, Submarine, Aviation, Hydrographic and Meteorological, Mine Clearance Diving and Naval Communications and Intelligence groups. The Warfare Officers Career Handbook is a source document for Warfare Officers to consult as they progress through their careers. It is intended to inform and stimulate consideration of career issues and to provide a coherent guide that articulates Navy’s requirements and expectations. The book provides a summary of the Warfare branch specialisations and the sub-specialisations that are embedded within them, leading in due course to entry into the Charge Program and the Command opportunities that follow. The Warfare Officers Career Handbook also describes the historical derivation of current warfare streams to provide contemporary relevance and the cultural background within which maritime warfare duties are conducted. It discusses the national context in which Warfare Officers discharge their duties. Leadership and ethical matters are explored, as is the inter-relationship between personal attributes, values, leadership, performance and sense of purpose. There is no intention that this handbook replicate or replace extant policy and procedural guidelines. Rather, the handbook focuses on the enduring features of maritime warfare. Policy by its nature is transient. Therefore, as far as possible, the Warfare Officers Career Handbook deals with broad principles and not more narrowly defined policies that rightly belong in other documents. The preparation of the first edition of this Warfare Officers Career Handbook has coincided with a period of significant change within the Warfare community. Technology continues to evolve as do the threats the nation faces and the global dynamics within which Australia conducts its affairs. Personnel policy also develops consistent with contemporary requirements and attitudes. Each of these variables impacts on the Warfare community. Readers are therefore urged to use this book as background and to refer to extant policy and seek informed advice when considering career decisions, and to consult career managers for the latest information. T.N. Jones Commodore, RAN Chairman, Naval Warfare Advisory Council September 2006 VI WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBooK CoNTENTS Contents INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE The Role of Sea Power in the Defence of Australia CHAPTER TWO Role of the Warfare Officer CHAPTER THREE Principal Warfare Officer (PWO) Part 1 The PWO 31 Part 2 Above Water Warfare 38 Part 3 Surface Warfare 41 Part 4 Communication and Information Systems 44 Part 5 Navigation 49 Part 6 Amphibious Warfare 53 CHAPTER FOUR Mine Warfare and Clearance Diving CHAPTER FIVE Maritime Geospace Part 1 RAN Hydrographic, Meteorological and Oceanography Force Element Group 65 Part 2 Hydrography 66 Part 3 Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC) 76 CHAPTER SIX Submarines THE RolE OF thE SEA PowER IN thE DEFENCE OF AUSTRALIA VII CHAPTER SEVEN Naval Aviation CHAPTER EIGHT Intelligence CHAPTER NINE Sea Command and the Charge Program CHAPTER TEN Career Planning and Management CHAPTER ELEVEN Naval Values, Leadership and Ethics Part 1 Leadership 122 Part 2 Navy Values 136 Part 3 Ethics 138 APPENDIX ONE Ethics and Values Digest APPENDIX TWO Warfare Officers Maritime Tasks APPENDIX THREE Abbreviations APPENDIX FOUR Warfare Officer Badges APPENDIX FIVE Warfare Community Associations INTRODUCTION Introduction The Royal Australian Navy The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the Creation of the RAN naval force of a medium power, island nation with no continental land borders The Australian Navy was created on 1 and one of the largest areas of maritime March 1901 when, after Federation, the jurisdiction of any nation. The RAN’s states transferred all their naval and cultural and material origins stem from military forces to the Federal Government. the Royal Navy (RN). For example, the By this time the ships inherited by the RAN employed Queen’s Regulations and new Commonwealth Naval Forces (CNF) Admiralty Instructions as its primary were for the most part obsolete and run procedural manual until the mid 1960s. down. Despite the concerns of local naval Its political origins follow from Australia’s authorities over the growth of foreign obligation to contribute to and, in due naval power in the Pacific, there was course, assume responsibility for, its own initially little prospect for improvements defence following Federation. to the CNF while successive British naval commanders continued to reassure local Imperial Defence authorities that the RN would provide for Australia’s maritime protection. From European settlement in 1788 until The RN, however, faced a growing 1859, Australia depended for naval number of challenges to its global naval defence on units detached from the RN supremacy. These could not for long based in Sydney. In 1859, Australia was be ignored and at the 1909 Imperial established as a separate British Naval Conference, the Admiralty supported Station and until 1913, a squadron of the a more substantial Australian naval RN was maintained in Australian waters. contribution and advocated that the CNF Notwithstanding the RN’s presence in be expanded into a modern, balanced Sydney, several colonies took steps to naval force. This force was to be centred provide for their own local maritime on a battle cruiser, with cruisers, defence under the provisions of the destroyers, submarines and a number of Colonial Naval Defence Act of 1865. Under auxiliaries in support. On 10 July, 1911, these provisions, the colonies of Victoria, His Majesty King George V was pleased to New South Wales, Queensland, South grant the title of ‘Royal Australian Navy’ Australia and Tasmania all acquired small to the CNF. numbers of naval vessels and raised local forces to man them. WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBooK On 4 October, 1913, formal control of Following this operation the Navy began the Australia Station passed to the the vital role of convoy protection, Commonwealth Naval Board, ending escorting the first of the ANZAC convoys direct Imperial control. During the same to the Middle East. While escorting a period the Royal Australian Naval College convoy the light cruiser HMAS Sydney (RANC) for the training of officers opened was detached to investigate the sighting at Osbourne House in Geelong, relocating of a suspicious warship off the Cocos- to Jervis Bay in 1915. Keeling Island group that was later identified as the German light cruiser World War I Emden. Emden was duly engaged and destroyed. At the outbreak of hostilities in August, 1914, the Australian Fleet comprised The RAN was also actively engaged in a battle cruiser, three light cruisers, supporting the Gallipoli campaign. The three destroyers, two submarines and Australian submarine AE2 was the first numerous support and ancillary craft. Allied unit to successfully penetrate the The ships and men of the RAN operated Dardanelles where she attacked shipping as an integral part of the RN. The total in the Sea of Marmara, until she was number serving in the Permanent Naval eventually lost after an action against the Forces at the outbreak of hostilities was Turkish Navy. On the Gallipoli Peninsular 3,800 all ranks. At the close of hostilities the RAN Bridging Train also provided 5,263 personnel were serving whilst the vital engineering support to the troops Reserves provided a further 76 officers ashore and its members were among the and 2,380 sailors for home service and last Australians to leave the Peninsular. 51 officers and 1775 sailors for service Australian ships also served in other overseas. naval operational areas, including the The RAN’s initial task during WWI was African coast, the Indian, Pacific and to protect Australia’s ports, shipping Atlantic Oceans and the North and and trade routes from the German East Mediterranean Seas. Asia Squadron. In securing the maritime frontiers the RAN took part in the first Between WW I and WW II amphibious assault of the war when it Following the cessation of hostilities played a leading role in the capture of in November, 1918, a period of global the German colonies in the Pacific. The naval retrenchment and negotiated success of this operation was, however, disarmament began, culminating in the marred by the disappearance of the Washington Treaty of 1922 that brought submarine AE1 that was lost with all drastic changes to naval planning. hands in unknown circumstances. INTRODUCTION Under the terms of this treaty the battle were themselves not new but later cruiser Australia was scuttled off Sydney became famous during World War II as Heads in 1924. the ‘Scrap Iron Flotilla’. Three Modified Leander Class 6 inch cruisers were also In this same year Australia ordered acquired. The first, HMAS Sydney (II), was two 10,000 ton cruisers and two commissioned into the RAN in 1935, with modern submarines. The two cruisers Hobart and Perth being commissioned in commissioned as Australia and Canberra 1938 and 1939 respectively. in 1928. In the following year the submarines Oxley and Otway were The technical, organisational and