The Book of Joshua by Joshua Danker-Dake All scripture taken from the NIV Lesson 1 Background and Introduction Joshua 1:1–9 Read: Joshua 1:1–9 1 After the death of Moses the servant of the Lord, the Lord said to Joshua son of Nun, Moses’ aide: 2 “Moses my servant is dead. Now then, you and all these people, get ready to cross the Jordan River into the land I am about to give to them—to the Israelites. 3 I will give you every place where you set your foot, as I promised Moses. 4 Your territory will extend from the desert to Lebanon, and from the great river, the Euphrates—all the Hittite country—to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. 5 No one will be able to stand against you all the days of your life. As I was with Moses, so I will be with you; I will never leave you nor forsake you. 6 Be strong and courageous, because you will lead these people to inherit the land I swore to their ancestors to give them. 7 “Be strong and very courageous. Be careful to obey all the law my servant Moses gave you; do not turn from it to the right or to the left, that you may be successful wherever you go. 8 Keep this Book of the Law always on your lips; meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do everything written in it. Then you will be prosperous and successful. 9 Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged, for the Lord your God will be with you wherever you go.” Question: What is the significance of this moment? History Around 2000 BC, in Genesis 12, God commands Abram (Abraham) to leave his home and move to Canaan, promising, “To your offspring I will give this land” (v. 7). Several generations later, Joseph the son of Jacob (Israel) is sold into slavery in Egypt (Gen. 37). By God’s grace, he becomes vizier of Egypt, bringing his Joshua, Lesson 1, p. 2 entire family to Egypt to care for them during the famine (Gen. 46). After Joseph, the Israelites are enslaved by a new Egyptian king (Ex. 1). After 400 years of this slavery, God sends Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt (Ex. 3). From the ten plagues to the crossing of the Red Sea to the manna in the desert, this generation of Israelites witnesses more miracles than any in history before the coming of Jesus Christ. But when the time comes to move into the Promised Land, they refuse to trust God (Num. 13, 14): 13:32 [The spies] spread among the Israelites a bad report about the land they had explored. They said, “The land we explored devours those living in it. All the people we saw there are of great size. 33 We saw the Nephilim there (the descendants of Anak come from the Nephilim). We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes, and we looked the same to them.” 14:1 That night all the members of the community raised their voices and wept aloud. 2 All the Israelites grumbled against Moses and Aaron, and the whole assembly said to them, “If only we had died in Egypt! Or in this wilderness! 3 Why is the Lord bringing us to this land only to let us fall by the sword? Our wives and children will be taken as plunder. Wouldn’t it be better for us to go back to Egypt?” 4 And they said to each other, “We should choose a leader and go back to Egypt.” After all the miracles they’ve seen, after all that God has done for them, this degree of unbelief is, frankly, astonishing. God is not pleased. He sends them back to the wilderness for good, saying: Not one of those who saw my glory and the signs I performed in Egypt and in the wilderness but who disobeyed me and tested me ten times— not one of them will ever see the land I promised on oath to their ancestors. No one who has treated me with contempt will ever see it… In this wilderness your bodies will fall—every one of you twenty years old or more who was counted in the census and who has grumbled against me. Not one of you will enter the land I swore with uplifted hand to make your home, except Caleb son of Jephunneh and Joshua son of Nun. As for your children that you said would be taken as plunder, I will bring them in to enjoy the land you have rejected. But as for you, your bodies will fall in this wilderness. Your children will be shepherds here for forty years, suffering for your unfaithfulness, until the last of your bodies lies in the wilderness. For forty years—one year for each of the forty days you explored the land—you will suffer for your sins and know what it is like to have me against you. I, the Lord, have spoken, and I will surely do these things to this whole wicked community, which has banded together Joshua, Lesson 1, p. 3 against me. They will meet their end in this wilderness; here they will die. (Num. 14:22–23; 30–35). And this is exactly what happens. As the book of Joshua begins—some 700 years after God promised to give the land of Canaan to the descendants of Abraham—this generation has died off, and Joshua and the people of Israel are now ready to possess the land. The territory promised to Israel is described, somewhat vaguely, as the land “from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and from the desert to the Euphrates River” (Ex. 23:31). As we shall see, the possession of the Promised Land was a long, multi-generational process. Indeed, the amount of territory Israel controlled fluctuated substantially over its history, reaching a peak under David and Solomon. At its height, it included not only modern-day Israel, but portions of modern-day Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. Who was Joshua? Joshua son of Nun was a descendant of Joseph the son of Jacob. Moses changes his name from Hoshea (“salvation”) to Yeshua (“Yahweh is salvation”)— that is, Joshua (Num. 13:16). At the time the book of Joshua begins, Joshua has spent most of his life as Moses’ aide, right-hand man, and general: He waits on Mount Sinai during the 40 days that Moses spends with God on the mountain (Ex. 24:13). He guards the tent of meeting, the precursor to the tabernacle, where God met with Israel (Ex. 33:7–11). He is one of the twelve men sent to spy out the Promised Land (Num. 13), and he and Caleb are the only ones with faith that God would deliver it to them. When God punishes Israel’s unbelief, Joshua and Caleb are the only ones from the exodus generation who do not die in the wilderness (Num. 14:30). God appoints Joshua Moses’ successor as the leader of the people (Num. 27:12–23): Moses lays his hands on him and Joshua becomes “filled with the spirit of wisdom” (Deut. 34:9). He is the undisputed leader of Israel. God’s commission to Joshua In Joshua 1:1–9, God commissions Joshua for the work of conquering the Promised Land, famously telling him to be “strong and courageous.” By this time, Joshua has already established himself as one of the most faithful, obedient, and unflawed figures in an Old Testament filled with flawed heroes; there is every Joshua, Lesson 1, p. 4 reason to expect him to respond in faithful obedience (as indeed he does). Of greater concern is the response of the people he leads; since they left Egypt, the Israelites have established a track record of whining and idolatrous disobedience. Fortunately, this younger generation that Joshua commands is better suited to the task than the previous one: Joshua’s Israelites were raised in the wilderness, not in Egypt. They grew up eating the manna God provided and living in obedience to the law Moses received from God on Mount Sinai. They have spent their lives being trained to trust and obey God, and they are now ready to follow God’s plan to possess the land of Canaan. Three primary issues run through the book of Joshua, and all three appear in God’s words to Joshua in 1:1–9. First, the conquest of the Promised Land. God is both the initiator of and a participant in this conquest (he is, in fact, the central character of the book of Joshua—as he is with so much of the Bible). While it is God alone who gives victory, the Israelites are active participants in God’s plan, even as he fights for them. Israel’s holy war has three purposes: to give the Israelites the land and rest God has promised, to punish the Canaanites for their sin, and to purge the land of idolatry. Second, the fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham to give the land of Canaan to his descendants. Third, the nation of Israel’s covenant loyalty to God. Military victory and blessing are conditional on obedience to God. In this generation as well as in future ones, Israel’s faithfulness is the key to her success and prosperity, and her unfaithfulness is the catalyst for her failure and ruin.