https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THEMES IN TflE POETRY OF ma ‘ rdf A L -R U ^I FAW2IAH A, AL-DABÂGH DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW Submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in the Faculty of Arts in the University of Glasgow, May, 1977. ProQuest Number: 10647803 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uesL ProQuest 10647803 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ACKNCXnILEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thark the Government of the Republic of Iraq for providing financial assistance, The author is especially grateful to Dr, John Mattock, Head of the Department of Arabic for his invaluable advice throughout th e study. For their encouragement and patience, my husband^Amir and my daughters, Waf&^ Iman and May are sincerely thanked. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Page SUMMARY CHAPTER ONE HIS LIFE AND CHARACTER SECTION 1 HIS LIFE SECTION 2 HIS CHARACTER 29 CHAPTER TWO POETICAL PHILOSOPHY 54 Introduction 54 SECTION 1 POETIC)^ OBJECTIVES 56 A, Ideal Poet 57 B, Meaning and Word 60 B .1 , Obscure Words 64 Emge B.2, Repetitions 67 B#3. Influences and Quotations 72 B«4« Rhetorical Devices 83 B*5* Use of Badî^ 87 C, Proverbs and Sayings 89 SECTION 2 MEANING OF POETRY 92 SECTION 3 POETICAL MANNER 101 SECTION 4 THE INFLUENCE OF WESTERN CULTURE 110 A. Turkish Literature 110 B. Science and Scientific Theories 115 CHAPTER THREE SOCIAL POETRY 127 SECTION 1 EDUCATION 127 SECTION 2 SOCIAL ACnVITY 141 SECTION 3 NATIONAL UNITY 152 SECTION 4 SOCIAL EQUALITY 163 SECTION 5 CHARITABLE WORK 170 Page, SECTION 6 EMANCIPATION CF WOMEN 176 Introduction 176 A, Education 178 B. U nveiling 187 Co M arriage 196 D, Divorce 200 E. Work 202 SECTION 7 fOETRY OF MISERY 207 SECTION 8 HISTORICAL POETRY 217 SECTION 9 POE TRY FOR CHILDREN 223 A, al-Tarbiyya wa^l Ta^lim 223 B • Al-ânâsMd al-Madrasiyya 234 CHAPTER FOUR POLITICAL POETRY 243 SECTION 1 FREEDOM 243 A, Representative Government 244 B, Freedom of the Press 265 C, Freedom of Thought 271 SECTION 2 INDEPENDENCE 282 A. War and Occupation 282 B, -The Mandate and Native Control 299 Page c. Second World War 319 SECTION 3 PEAGE 338 SECTION 4 ARAB UNITY 350 CHAPTER FIVE OTHER GENRES 361 SECTION 1 DESCRIPTION 361 A, Poetry of Nature 361 B, Modern Inventions . 369 C. Calamities 371 D. Places of Entertainment 374 SECTION 2 ELEGY 378 SECTION 3 PANEGYRIC 383 SECTION 4 SATIRE 386 SECTION 5 AL-NASÎB 390 SECTION 6 AL-FAKHR 393 REFERENCES 398 SUMMARY Ma'ruf al-Rasafi, the distinguished Iraqi poet, was born in Baghdad in 1875 and died there on the sixteenth of March, 1945. He became a member of the al-Mab*uthan Council, he was several times in the Iraqi parliament, he lectured in Arabic Literature, and was unemployed for a long period during the last part of his life, when he had great difficulty in earning his living. Because he was frank, free-minded, ambitious, pure and dignified, he was subjected to continual attack by the rulers, religious leaders and conservatives, and consequently he lived a troubled and changeable life. This coloured his poetry with melancholy. HLs poetry was a complete record of the intellectual developments, social changes, economic problems, political events and literary currents of the time, in Iraq particularly, and in tiie Arab and Muslim World generally. His Diwan (in two volumes) contains three hundred and fifty poems. Some further political and social poems and his poems for children were not included in this Diwan. He also composed another Diwan, Al-Shi^r al-MaksJiuf, consisting mostly of erotic poems, which is not published yet. His poetical manner generally was smooth, easy, clear, expressive and eloquent. He believed that art has a goal, and that the real function of literature in any nation is to illustrate the ideal principles to the new generation, to awaken the national consciousness, and to encourage belief in progress. He therefore gave great attention to tile content of his poems and tried to avoid rhetorical devices. He was a modem poet in his poetical objectives, clear expression and unified poems, and a traditional poet in the form of his poetry using metre and rhyme. Although#ie tried to avoid the use of obscure words and repetition, his poetry contained some of both. It also contained many rhetorical devices, reminiscences of and quotations from earlier poets, proverbs and sayings. His poetry for children was distinguished by its clearness, easiness, simple words and particular poetical music, Al-Rusafi was influenced by Turkish literature and Western literary currents, reflecting some of the new scientific theories in his poetry. He conposed in different genres of poetry: Social, Political, Description, Elegy, Panegyric, Satire, Nasib and Fakhr. But the most important parts of his Diwan were the Social and Political genres. In.his Social poetry, he tried to direct people's attention to the great importance of Education and knowledge in the progress of any nation. He also tried to point out the importance of Work, National unity. Social equality. Charitable worku and the Emancipation of women. He re c a lle d e a r l i e r g lo ry of the Muslims and Arabs in order to urge people to regain it. He was a humanitarian poet, took a special interest in the miserable, and called for aid for them as being human and the victims of society. In his political poetry, under the Ottoman Empire, he demanded Individual Freedom for each country within the group, so that they might obtain their political rights through a representative government working under a constitution and might obtain their rights of Freedom of publication and thought, both of which were limited by the law . A fte r 1911, and with the increase of Western control of the Arab and I-kislim countries, he demanded Independence for these countries. When the British occupied Iraq, he devoted his poetry to attacking them and demanding their evacuation, and to persuading the people of Iraq to pursue full independence. He continually advocated the formation of a nationalist government, and he always exposed the antinational policies that were followed by the native governments, believing that these were the agents of the British, Al-Ikisafi was a great believer in Peace and the importance of Unity between the Arab countries in all aspects. His Descriptive poetry was distinguished by its completeness and accuracy, and by being linked with his humanitarian feelings. He described nature, modern inventions, calamities, and places of entertainment, In Elegy, he demonstrated his feelings towards his friends and contemporary poets, his faithfulness to his teachers and his patriotic consciousness. He used Panegyric to praise men for the benefits they confirmed on the people, not to flatter them for his own profit. He tried to avoid Satire and when he did use it he did not use it in a painful manner. ^ M -N asib p o etry i s very in fre q u e n t in h is Diwan, and he imitated classical models, Al-Rusâfî was proud of his own poetical skill and his strHcing personaI.ity, but he acknowledged the poetical talents of others as w e ll. CHAPTER ONE HIS LIFE AND CHARACTER CHAPTER ONE HIS LIFE AND CHARACTER SECTION 1. HIS LIFE Ma^rûf i&bd al-Ghard Mahmud, known la te r as al-RusafI, was bom in 1875 in Baghdad, in the al-Qaraghul quarter of al-Rusafa \ He began his education when he was three years old, attending the — 2 elementiy school in which he completed the study of the holy Qur • Later he became a student in the al-Rushdd.yya m ilitary school, which was the only high school at that time. Because he failed in the third class of this school, he left it for the religious schools which were ■the main places of study in the country, and held a similar position to al-Azhar in Egypt Al-Rusâfî studied in these schools many kinds of religious, linguistic, and literary topics, and he remained for 12 years in al-Slûsî^ s religious school;', in Baghdad Because of his great interest in, and vast knowledge of, religious studies, al- %lusi called him al-Rusafi on the analogy of Ma^ruf al-KarkM the w ell knoivn P ersian s ü fî of al-K arkh, 1, *Alî, M„ Muh^rat *An Ma^ruf al-Rusafi,^ 1 m# /I m# 2, jMi, M, Muhattrat *An Ma**ruf al-RusafI,, 1 3, Tabâna, B, Ma^ruf al-Rusafi,, 4.