The Road from Pope to King: 1Corso Vittorio Emanuele Hl The Road from Pope to King: Ii Corso Vittorio Emanuele II By: Thomas Michael Dietz Bachelor ofArchitecture, cum laude University of Notre Dame du Lac; Notre Dame, Indiana May 20, 2001 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES AT: THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOG' MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECHNOLOGY 1E JUNE, 2005 JUN 28 2005 © 2005 Thomas Michael Dietz. All rights reserved. LIBRARIES The author hereby grants to M. I. T. permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of the author: as Michael Dietz Departm nt of Architecture May 19, 2005 / Certified by: David Friedman Associate Professor of the History of Architecture Thesis Supervisor Accepted by Julian Beinart Professor of Architecture Chairman, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students ROTCH Thomas Michael Dietz COMMITTEE - David Friedman, Chair Associate Professor/Thesis Supervisor Department of Architecture Massachusetts Institute of Technology Erika Naginski, Reader Assistant Professor Department of Architecture Massachusetts Institute of Technology Carla Keyvanian, Reader Assistant Professor in Residence Department of Art & Art History University of Connecticut BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE - Thomas Michael Dietz designed the website of Catholic ecclesiastical architect Henry Hardinge Menzies, and later worked in the office of Catholic ecclesiastical architect Duncan Stroik. While employed by Duncan Stroik, Thomas completed several projects; notably, the winning competition entry for the Saint Thomas Aquinas College Chapel in Santa Paula, California; construction drawings for a private residence chapel in rural Nebraska; and schematic design proposals for the Our Lady of Guadalupe Shrine in LaCrosse, Wisconsin, the Holy Cross Monastery in Chicago, Illinois, and the Church of Saint Margaret Mary in Bullhead City, Arizona. While working for Duncan Stroik, Thomas also served as a Project Leader on the construction administration of both the All Saints Catholic Church in Walton, Kentucky, and the two smaller shrines in the Co-Cathedral of Saint Matthew in South Bend, Indiana. Thomas subsequently joined the office of Hartman-Cox Architects in the District of Columbia, completing programming and schematic design proposals for the National Cathedral School, assisting with the construction administration of the United States Patent Office Building, and aiding with the completion of construction documents for the University of North Carolina Information Technologies Building. Originally from Rochester, Minnesota, Thomas attended Grapevine High-School in Grapevine, Texas. Thomas received a Bachelor of Architecture with Art History, cum laude, from the University of Notre Dame du Lac in 2001, and was awarded the School of Architecture's 2000 Rambush Prize in Religious Architecture for the Church of Saint John the Evangelist in Shohola, Pennsylvania. As an undergraduate, Thomas assisted in the production of several endeavors initiated by the Institute for Sacred Architecture, including the execution of two conferences held in Rome, Italy (as well as the production and distribution of Sacred Architecture Journal). Thomas also briefly assisted with the formation of several science-based internet education initiatives at the Shodor Education Foundation in Durham, North Carolina. He entered the Catholic Church in 1996 (previously a United Methodist), and is a Past Grand Knight of the University of Notre Dame Knights of Columbus, having served as their leader during the council's 9 0 h anniversary celebration in 2000 (commemorated with a statue of the Virgin Mother alongside the Basilica of the Sacred Heart's eastern transept). Thomas was also a member of the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club, and competed in the 2000 and 2001 Holy Cross Bangladesh Mission Bouts. Between 1998 and 1999 he studied in Italy through the University of Notre Dame du Lac Rome Studies Program. The Road from Pope to King: Il Corso Vittorio Emanuele II The Road from Pope to King: I Corso Vittorio Emanuele H By: Thomas Michael Dietz Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 19, 2005 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies. ABSTRACT - The formal unification of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, and the later addition of the Roman capital in 1870, sparked criticism from Papal authorities and fostered a growing secularist sentiment among royal political leaders. Yet the Kingdom of Italy also sought to mediate those differences, having formed a liberal constitutional monarchy under the former King of Savoy, Carlo Alberto (and later, his son, Vittorio Emanuele II). This thesis will address the urban manifestation of the conflicted relationship between the Papacy and the new royal government of the Kingdom of Italy in Rome, with a particular regard for the manner in which the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II portrays the Risorgimento king. The Corso Vittorio Emanuele II also serves as the means by which French and British models operative in Italy can be evaluated, with the consequences of this urban intervention analyzed in relation to the particular practice of conservation employed in Italy at the conclusion of the nineteenth-century. The history of this urban intervention will first be indexed against three successive periods in the royal Italian government (the Destra, Sinistra, and Giolittian parliaments), all of which proposed differing visions for the new capital. The history of Roman urban planning will then be considered with regard to the pre-Risorgimento initiatives of Pope Pius IX and Cardinal Merode, the municipal Development Plan of 1873, and the later royal Development Plan of 1883 (the plan that generally defined the avenue's construction). The Corso Vittorio Emanuele II will then be investigated in greater depth, paying particular attention to the Development Plans of 1873 and 1883, the official Variant of 1886 (which was actually built), and a selection of other unofficial counterproposals. The intention is to demonstrate that the Italian admiration for British political and conservation models- which do have a common philosophical basis-were somewhat contradictory in application, resulting in a uniquely modern approach to urbanism in Rome and a surprisingly respectful treatment of ecclesiastical structures (even despite the ongoing conflict between Papal and royal authorities). Thesis Supervisor: David H. Friedman Title: Associate Professor of the History of Architecture Thomas Michael Dietz ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - I would like to thank my parents for their constant support, and my stepmother for her unceasing criticism of my writing. I would also like to thank Peter Breen, Hans Roegele, and Nathaniel Hannan for their grounding retort to many of the academic tendencies I encountered at MIT. Ara Arnn, Justin Kempf, Bryan Morales, Jerome Schoffler, Jeremy Sharp, and Terrance Welsh also preserved lasting friendships from a considerable distance. I would like to thank the surprisingly large body of Notre Dame alumni at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as those around the Boston area; particularly, Mark Leen from the Harvard Law School. Benjamin Wunsch in Applied Materials Science was an outstanding first year roommate; further, Stefano Bartolucci in Applied Materials Science, and Padraig Cantillon- Murphy in Electrical Engineering, were enjoyable outlets from the architectural community. I would like to thank the Reverend Paul Reynolds of the Missionary Society of Saint Paul the Apostle, Professor Terry Orlando in Electrical Engineering, and the entire Massachusetts Institute of Technology Catholic Community for fostering a refreshingly large and active Christian fellowship. I would also like to thank the Reverend Peter Grover of the Oblates of the Virgin Mary, and the entire community of the Saint Clement's Eucharistic Shine, for offering the most liturgically and intellectually profound services in Boston. Further gratitude is expressed to all those who provided guidance and consultation in the months preceding my arrival at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, including University of Notre Dame du Lac professors Robert Amico, Dennis Doordan, Duncan Stroik, and the Reverend Richard Bullene of the Congregation of the Holy Cross. I would also like to acknowledge David Solomon from the University of Notre Dame du Lac philosophy department, and Robert Panoff of the Shodor Education Foundation. Several professors and staff at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proved particularly helpful in adapting to the radically different environment of the MIT architecture curriculum, most notably: The members of my committee and Heghnar Watenpaugh, as well as HTC secretaries Anne Deveau and Melissa Bachman. Finally, among the MIT faculty, I would like to particularly thank Henry Millon for giving me the distinguished honor of being his last formal student. Despite my Rightist and Classicist tendencies, the PhD students in the History, Theory and Criticism section were generally tolerant and supportive. Particular acknowledgment is extended to those PhD candidates I had classes with or was otherwise engaged with to a greater degree: Lucia Allais, Zeynep Celik, Jennifer Ferng, Patrick Haughey, Pamela Karimi, Deborah Kully, Lauren Kroiz, Fabiola Lopez-Duran, John Lopez, Michael Osman, Sarah Rogers, Mechtild Widrich, and Winnie