NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMJ* mn u Ottawa L'Universite canadienne Canada's university ITTTT FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES l^^J FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES u Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'Universite canadienne Canada's university Jacob Peter Hogan AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (History) GRADE/DEGREE Department of History FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Democracy, Duplicity and Dimona: The United States if America, Israel and the Globe Since 1949 TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Galen Perrras DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR Ryne Seferdjeli Heather Murray Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Democracy, Duplicity and Dimona: The United States of America, Israel and the Globe since 1949 By Jacob Peter Hogan Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the MA degree in name of program Department of History Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Ottawa © Jacob Peter Hogan, Ottawa, Canada, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-65972-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-65972-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada II Abstract Democracy, Duplicity and Dimona: the United States of America, Israel and the Globe since 1949 Jacob Peter Hogan Dr. Galen Perras 2010 The thesis examines Western complicity in covertly aiding, concealing and covering up Israel's nuclear weapons program and the implications that process had on the Soviet Union and Egypt during the Cold War. At the circumvention of the democratic process, Dimona's history is defined by shadowy scientism, obsequious journalism, secretive bureaucracies, clandestine corporatism and great power imperialism. In late October 1956 Israel acquired from France an atomic weapons reactor, with construction beginning in the Negev desert at Dimona during late 1957 or early 1958. During the ensuing years Israel received heavy water from Norway and Great Britain and uranium from Gabon, Argentina and South Africa. The atomic project was covertly funded by private Jewish donations from Canada, London, Paris and Wall Street. As early as 1958 factions within the State Department, Atomic Energy Commission and CIA factions were cognizant of Dimona's existence yet the bureaucracy chose to remain silent. When Dimona was unveiled by the media in December 1960, the White House salaciously denied possessing any foreknowledge of the reactor's nature, status or origins. The CIA-controlled and Jewish-dominated U.S. media obsequiously followed the state script by informing the public that Dimona was dedicated towards peaceful ends. During the 1960s the U.S. conducted pre-arranged tours of the facility, provided Israel with uranium and missiles to guard the reactor, covered up Israel's nuclear ambitions following China's first atomic test in October 1964, and refused to pressure Israel to sign the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Even though Dimona was the Ill key catalyst of the conflict, the U.S. also suppressed Israel's nuclear program from emerging as the defining subject of the Six Day War. Armed with intelligence deriving from Israeli sources, in early 1966 the Kremlin began utilizing Cairo as a proxy mouth piece to rhetorically denounce Israel's atomic agenda as Soviet relations with Egypt and the Arabs grew more intimate. In a failed attempt to destroy the reactor, the U.S.S.R. instigated the Six Day War crisis by fabricating false intelligence concerning Israeli troop concentrations and overflying the reactor with its most advanced plane in late May 1967. IV Acknowledgements "If you wish to understand the world, try to decipher Israel and if you wish to understand Israel, examine the world within which you live. " Speaking to the people of New York State in Federalist No. 1, a lawyer and the first Secretary of the Treasury warned that the "fate of an empire" hinged on the deliberation "on a new constitution for the United States of America."2 Alexander Hamilton added that those who "advocate" for the "truth are influenced by purer principles than their antagonists." Avraham Burg, a former speaker of the Israeli Parliament (Knesset), World Zionist Organization (WZO) head and Israeli Defense Force (IDF) paratrooper, has likewise contended that "the truth suffers because it is surrounded by lies." In a world in which credibility, perception and the suit and tie often supersede reality, however, the largest enemy of the truth is the myth rather than the lie. I am a bit of a shut in. Serious people have to be. On my most humbling days I spend at least two to three hours reading the news online, including Forbes, whose website begins with a historic "thought of the day," usually from a white male.4 The first one I read derived from John Adams: "The jaws of power are always open to devour." The most striking, however, which best encapsulates my thesis supervisor, came from Michelangelo, who argued that "genius is eternal patience." Thank you so much Dr. Perras. All mistakes and biases in this thesis belong to me. You were crucial in bringing primary material from the British National Archives into my thesis, discovering the book which has allowed a revisionist perspective of the U.S.S.R.'s role in 1 Avraham Burg, The Holocaust is Over: We Must Rise from the Ashes (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008), p. xvii. 2 Gary Wills, ed., The Federalist Papers (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), pp. 2-3. Burg, The Holocaust is Over, p. 87. 4 "The 100 Most Powerful Women," Forbes, August 27, 2008, http://www.forbes.eom/lists/2008/l 1/ biz power women08 The-100-Most-Powerful-Women Rank.html Israel's nuclear history to be pursued and introducing me to George Orwell's fantastic essay "Politics and the English Language."5 Without your conciliatory words, I would have been unable to receive grant money to research at John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson Libraries, where I spent one week in Boston, Massachusetts, and two weeks in Austin, Texas, respectively. Alongside time spent at the Canadian Library and Archives, I also spent a week each at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas, and the National Archives and Records Administration, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and George Washington National Security Archive (GWNSA) in Washington. I would like to thank my father and best friend for financing these trips and everything else. Keep buying gold and silver.6 This thesis is dedicated to him and my sister, who has worked in Hollywood and currently has a show playing on YTV Wednesday and Friday nights, That's So Weird. Only you two will understand me when I state that it is truly "only after we have lost everything that we are free to do anything."7 Finally, thank you Mary Anne for everything you have done for our family over this past decade. I can not wait to read Tolstoy's War and Peace. Following the mantra of a member of Yale's Skull and Bones, former Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), U.S. Ambassador to China and the United Nations, Vice- 5 Brad Stone, "Amazon Erases Orwell Books From Kindle," New York Times (NYT), July 17, 2009, p. Bl or http://www.nvtiiTies.com/2009/07/18/technologv/companies/18amazon.html 6 Daniel Whitten, "Zoellick Says U.S. Dollar's Primacy Not a Certainty," Bloomberg, September 27, 2009, http://www.bloomberg,com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=as9EvmtixGG8; George Soros, "A New World Architecture," Project Syndicate: A World of Ideas, http://www.proiect-svndicate.org/com mentary/soros52; Daniel Bases, "Update 1-Israel's Fischer says world most accept a weaker dollar," Reuters, December 3, 2009, http://www. reuters.com/article/usDollarRpt/idUSN0310218520091203; Martin Morris, "Tehran dumps dollar for euro," Arabian Business, September 21, 2009, http://www.arabianbus iness.com/568241-tehran-dumps-dollar-fo r-euro 7 Fight Club (1999).