2014 Table of Contents Table of Contents Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log ........................................................................................ 4 Introduction to Reference ................................................................................................ 6 Arthropods ................................................................................................................... 14 Primary Pests of Grape (Full Pest Datasheet) .............................................................. 14 Autographa gamma ................................................................................................ 14 Cryptoblabes gnidiella ............................................................................................ 23 Diabrotica speciosa ................................................................................................ 36 Epiphyas postvittana .............................................................................................. 45 Eupoecilia ambiguella ............................................................................................ 59 Heteronychus arator ............................................................................................... 67 Lobesia botrana ..................................................................................................... 75 Scirtothrips dorsalis ................................................................................................ 89 Spodoptera littoralis ............................................................................................. 103 Spodoptera litura .................................................................................................. 113 Secondary Pests of Grape (Truncated Pest Datasheet) ........................................... 124 Adoxophyes orana ............................................................................................... 124 Aleurocanthus spiniferus ...................................................................................... 128 Eudocima fullonia ................................................................................................. 133 Eutetranychus orientalis ....................................................................................... 138 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis .................................................................................... 143 Planococcus lilacinus ........................................................................................... 149 Thaumatotibia leucotreta ...................................................................................... 153 Pests of Grape Requested by the CAPS Community................................................ 161 Homalodisca vitripennis ....................................................................................... 161 Mollusks ..................................................................................................................... 171 Primary Pests of Grape (Full Pest Datasheet) ............................................................ 171 None at this time .................................................................................................. 171 Secondary Pests of Grape (Truncated Pest Datasheet) ........................................... 171 Cernuella virgata .................................................................................................. 171 Lissachatina fulica ................................................................................................ 174 Nematodes ................................................................................................................. 179 Primary Pests of Grape (Full Pest Datasheet) ............................................................ 179 Xiphinema italiae .................................................................................................. 179 Secondary Pests of Grape (Truncated Pest Datasheet) ........................................... 189 Meloidogyne mali ................................................................................................. 189 Plant Pathogens ........................................................................................................ 193 Primary Pests of Grape (Full Pest Datasheet) ............................................................ 193 ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ ............................................................... 193 ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis’............................................................................. 206 Phellinus noxius ................................................................................................... 221 2 Table of Contents Pseudopezicula tracheiphila ................................................................................ 230 Appendix A: Diagnostic Resource Contacts ................................................................ 237 Appendix B: Glossary of Terms ................................................................................... 239 3 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Authors CAPS Commenters Melinda Sullivan Darryl Jewett – Pest Survey Specialist - NY Plant Pathologist National Weed Management Laboratory Gary Russell – State Operations Support 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 Officer – USDA-APHIS-PPQ – Phoenix, Fort Collins, CO 80526 Arizona Nehalem Breiter Erin N Stiers- Pest Survey Specialist - KS, Biological Science Technician OK, CO National Weed Management Laboratory 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 Craig Webb- Domestic Identifier –USDA- Fort Collins, CO 80526 APHIS-PPQ – Manhattan, Kansas Talitha Price Andrea Simao Biological Science Technician National Program Manager - LBAM USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST USDA APHIS PPQ 1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 400 Riverdale, MD Raleigh, NC 27606 Eileen Smith CPHST Reviewers National Program Manager - EGVM Thomas Culliney USDA APHIS PPQ Entomologist Riverdale, MD Pest Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Draft Log 1730 Varsity Drive July 2007 - Draft sent for CPHST review Raleigh, NC 27606 September, 2007 – Draft sent for CAPS Lisa Jackson comment. Biological Science Technician CPHST Director’s Office December, 2007 – Draft sent to NAPIS for 1730 Varsity Drive posting Raleigh, NC 27606 February, 2008 – Revised draft posted on Kimberly Schwartzburg NAPIS Risk Analyst Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis May, 2008 – Grape Commodity map Laboratory updated. 1730 Varsity Drive Raleigh, NC 27606 September, 2009 – Updated risk maps added to document. June, 2010 - Datasheets for Diabrotica speciosa and Eupoecilia ambiguella added, CAPS-Approved survey and diagnostic method information added, updated risk maps added, and tertiary pests removed. All tertiary pests were listed with name and photo only. A full datasheet will be added for each ‘tertiary’ pest as they become available and undergo the pest list prioritization process. 4 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Draft Log Continued: July, 2010 – Added datasheet for Xiphinema italiae (a tertiary pest). August, 2010 – Updated hyperlinks for links now on the CAPS Resource and Collaboration site April, 2012 – Trap and lure information updated to reflect names used in the IPHIS Survey Supply Ordering System. Lobesia botrana lure effectiveness changed from three to four weeks. New maps added for pests. Xylella fastidiosa (citrus variegated chlorosis strain) datasheet was removed per suggestion of the CAPS Pest List Working Group. Minor changes made for a few pest datasheets (host/distribution information primarily). Information about Tort AI- Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, a new diagnostic tool developed by CPHST’s Identification Technology Program, was added where appropriate. June 2012 – Removed Copitarsia spp. and Planococcus minor datasheets at the suggestion of the CAPS Pest List Working group for FY 2013 surveys. Planococcus minor has been deregulated. Both pests are not available for the 2013 survey season. June 2013: Updated ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ datasheet. August 2013: Added datsheets for three new 2014 AHP CAPS targets: Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis, Cryptoblabes gnidiella, and Pseudopezicula tracheiphila. August 2016: Removed outdated maps. 5 Introduction to the Reference Introduction to Reference History of Commodity-Based Survey The CAPS community is made up of a large and varied group of individuals from federal, state, and university organizations who utilize federal (and other) funding sources to survey for, and (in some cases) diagnose exotic and invasive plant pests. By finding pests early, eradication efforts will likely be less expensive and more efficient. For more information on CAPS and other Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) pest detection programs see: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pest_detection/index.shtml. Traditionally, states have been given a list of pests. Each year, states choose (from this list) a number of pests to incorporate in their own specialized surveys. There is certainly value in surveying for plant health threats in terms of discreet pests. However, this may not always be the most efficient means of survey. For example, a single pest may occur on a myriad of different hosts, making a comprehensive survey too time consuming and expensive. An alternative method has been suggested. Grouping important pests under the umbrella of a single commodity could be a more efficient way to look for certain pests. The rationale for choosing a commodity survey in certain instances includes the following: