Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz K O A O T E A R O A T ē N E I Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz K O A O T E A R O A T ē N E I A Report into Claims Concerning New Zealand Law and Policy Affecting Māori Culture and Identity Te Taumata Tuarua Volume 2 W A I 2 6 2 W A I T A N G I T R I B U N A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 1 Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Cover design by Richard Thomson National Library of New Zealand Cataloguing-in-Publication Data New Zealand. Waitangi Tribunal. Ko Aotearoa tēnei : a report into claims concerning New Zealand law and policy affecting Māori culture and identity. Te taumata tuarua. (Waitangi Tribunal report) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-869563-01-1 1. Treaty of Waitangi (1840). 2. Intellectual property—Government policy— New Zealand. 3. Cultural property—Government policy—New Zealand. 4. Environmental protection—Government policy—New Zealand. 5. Maori (New Zealand people)—Claims. [1. Mana whakairo hinengaro. reo 2. Tānemāhuta. reo 3. Kerēme (Tiriti o Waitangi). reo 4. Kaitiakitanga. reo 5. Ture putaiao. reo 6. Tiriti o Waitangi. reo] I. Title. II. Series. 323.1199442—dc 22 www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Published 2011 by Legislation Direct, Wellington, New Zealand Chapter 5 was previously published on the internet in 2010 in pre-publication format as Te Reo Māori Printed by Printlink, Wellington, New Zealand 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 Set in Adobe Minion Pro and Cronos Pro Opticals Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz uë e te mate kei hea täu wero, auë e te reinga kei hea töu wikitöria ? EngariA anö te kai atua, purea ka ora, tënä ko tënei mea ko te aroha Ka tü tonu ka tü tonu i roto rä i te whatumanawa Nä ia kua whakaurupä te aroha ki a koutou katoa I roto i tënä i tënä makiu makiu E koro mä e kui mä i te pö ahakoa kua mate e körero tonu ana koutou Ko ö koutou tinana kua maroke ko ä koutou kupu ia ka mau tonu Tae noa atu ki ngä reanga o ngä rau tau ka tü mai. Mö tënei momo i a koutou he whärangi rau angiangi tä ënei reanga Hei whakanakonako i te pütea kupu tuku ki tö koutou I tö te ikeike kano i tö te rangiahua nui Heoi e kui e koro mä, kua oti te whatu i te käkahu hei täwharau I tö koutou reo i whakarere iho ai, i ä koutou whakaratonga Ki te ao i tukua iho ai ki ä koutou e ö koutou atua Okioki i tö koutou moenga roa. h death, where is your sting ; grave, where is your victory ? TheO vigilant can deflect the evil intentions rife in the everyday world of people. But we know no remedy for the emptiness that remains after death’s grim harvest ; For its pain is etched on our hearts, and its memory is a curse to be borne by the living. Aroha turns the wise words you leave behind to gravestones around which the people will gather to mourn and remember. Thus, although you, our elders, may pass into the night, your flesh to corrupt and fade, Yet you speak still. And we cling to your sacred teachings, generation upon living generation, These few feeble words too thin to convey our love and gratitude for the legacy you have bequeathed us, your living faces. Let what follows be a cloak that keeps warm your voices and safe your contributions to this troubled world. Rest now, in peace. Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Clockwise from top left : Hema Nui a Tawhaki Witana, Te Witi McMath, Tama Poata, John Hippolite, Te Kapunga Matemoana Dewes, Apera Clark, and Hohepa Kereopa. We have lost so many of the valued contributors to the Wai 262 inquiry. Of the origi- nal named claimants we have lost Hema Nui a Tawhaki Witana (Te Rarawa, also known as Del Wihongi), Te Witi McMath (Ngāti Wai), Tama Poata (Ngāti Porou), and John Hippolite (Ngāti Koata) ; only Haana Murray QSM CNZM (Ngāti Kurī) remains. Many of the kaumātua and kuia who appeared before us have also passed away, including three who became claimants later in the inquiry : Te Kapunga Matemoana Dewes LitD (Ngāti Porou), Apera Clark (Ngāti Kahungunu), and Hohepa Kereopa (Tūhoe). Our first presiding officer, the energetic and caring Judge Richard Kearney, died in 2005 after a long illness. We acknow ledge with respect and gratitude the unstinting vi Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Clockwise from top left : Judge Richard Kearney, the Right Reverend Bishop Manuhuia Bennett, Rangitihi John Tahuparae, Martin Dawson, Gina Rudland, David Jenkins, and Jolene Patuawa-Tuilave. support given by his wife, Betty Kearney, through difficult times. Two esteemed Tribunal members assisting the panel as kaumātua advisers also died in the course of the inquiry : the Right Reverend Bishop Manuhuia Bennett CMG ONZ (in December 2001), a man of wisdom and compassion, and Rangitihi John Tahuparae MNZM (in October 2008), a renowned tohunga and teacher. We also lost four counsel during the course of the inquiry : Martin Dawson (appear- ing for Ngāti Koata), Gina Rudland and David Jenkins (appearing for Ngāti Porou), and Jolene Patuawa-Tuilave (appearing for several Crown research institutes). All taken at a young age, all powerful advocates and respected colleagues. vii Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz SHORT CONTENTS Volume 1 Letter of transmittal ..........................................................xxiii Abbreviations ...............................................................xxix Introduction . 1 IN.1 Introduction to the inquiry ..................................................1 IN.2 The initial claim ............................................................2 IN.3 The inquiry ................................................................3 IN.4 Scope of this report ........................................................10 IN.5 Key themes and principles ..................................................12 IN.6 Structure and content of this report ..........................................19 IN.7 Conclusion ...............................................................24 Chapter 1 : Taonga Works and Intellectual Property . 31 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................31 1.2 Te ao Māori and taonga works ................................................33 1.3 Te ao Pākehā and intellectual property .........................................46 1.4 Copyright, trade marks, and related rights in New Zealand .......................54 1.5 Claimant, Crown, and interested parties’ arguments .............................65 1.6 The rights of kaitiaki in taonga works and mātauranga Māori .....................77 1.7 Reforms ...................................................................91 1.8 Conclusion ................................................................97 1.9 Summary of recommendations ...............................................99 Chapter 2 : Genetic and Biological Resources of Taonga Species . 113 2.1 Introduction .............................................................. 113 2.2 Te ao Māori and taonga species. 115 2.3 Te ao Pākehā, research science, and intellectual property ........................136 2.4 Bioprospecting, genetic modification, and intellectual property : an overview ......140 2.5 Bioprospecting and taonga species ...........................................144 2.6 Genetic modification and taonga species .....................................158 2.7 Intellectual property and taonga species ......................................169 2.8 The rights of kaitiaki in taonga species and mātauranga māori ...................188 2.9 Reforms .................................................................198 2.10 Conclusion ..............................................................208 2.11 Summary of recommendations .............................................210 ix Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Short Contents Chapter 3 : Relationship with the Environment . 235 3.1 Introduction ..............................................................235 3.2 Human impacts on the environment .........................................237 3.3 The Resource Management Act 1991 .........................................248 3.4 Claimant and Crown arguments .............................................263 3.5 Analysis ..................................................................267 3.6 Reforms ................................................................ 280 3.7 Conclusion ...............................................................284 3.8 Summary of recommendations ..............................................285 Chapter 4 : Taonga and the Conservation Estate . 297 4.1 Introduction ..............................................................297 4.2 The Department of Conservation. .298 4.3 The claimants’ concerns ....................................................299 4.4 Treaty principles in conservation legislation and guiding policy ..................314 4.5 Māori involvement in conservation decision-making ...........................325 4.6 Customary use ............................................................347 4.7 Commercial activity in the conservation estate ................................359