RESEARCH ON NEW FISH SPECIES FOR AQUACULTURE IN NORTHERN ISRAEL GAD DEGANI Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel. MIGAL - Galilee Technological Center Ltd., P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel Tel-Hai College School of Science and Technology, Israel. GREGORY YOM DIN Golan Research Institute, University of Haifa, P.O.B. Katzrin, 12900, Israel. ©2005 All right reserved. ISBN 965-555-200-4 Gad Degani and Gregory Yom Din Address for Correspondence: Professor Gad Degani MIGAL - Galilee Technological Center. P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel. E- Mail [email protected] Special thanks to Dr. Avshalom Huruvitz, Dr. Karen A. Jackson, Dr. Evelyn Hammerschlag, Dr. Ofir Degani, Mr. Diego Haps, Mr. Boaz Zameret, Mr. Yehuda Yehuda, Mr. Amiram Efrati, Dr. Svetlana Yom Din Copy Editor Ellen Rosenberg Plates and printing by Ayalon Offset Ltd., Haifa, Israel Printed in Israel TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: MODEL FARM FOR THE CULTIVATION OF EELS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 General information on the eel project 1 1.3 The order Anguilliformes 1 1.4 The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) 2 1.5 Life cycle of the European eel 2 1.5.1 Reproduction 3 1.5.2 Leaf eels (leptocephali) 3 1.5.3 Glass eels (elvers) 3 1.5.4 Life in fresh water and maturation 4 1.6 Aquacultured eel species 4 1.7 Eels as an Agro-Economy 5 1.8 The glass eel market 6 1.9 Eel nurseries 6 1.10 Fattening 7 1.11 Eel nutrition 7 1.12 Sex determination 8 1.13 Sorting 9 1.14 Growth stages 9 1.15 Growing eels for the table 9 1.15.1 Extensive cultivation 9 1.15.2 Intensive cultivation 10 1.16 Indoor facilities at the Kibbutz Dan model farm 10 1.16.1 Central building 10 1.16.2 Installations and equipment 10 1.16.3 Feeding system 11 1.16.4 Biofiltration 11 1.16.5 Alarm system 11 1.16.6 Size grader 11 1.17 Primary nursing at Dan Fisheries 12 1.17.1 Receiving glass eels 12 1.17.2 Transfer to containers 12 1.17.3 Veterinary treatment 12 1.17.4 Nutrition 12 1.17.5 Batch of 1997 12 1.17.6 Batch of 1998 16 1.17.7 Batch of 1999 18 1.17.8 Summary of growth in the primary nursery stage 20 1.18 Outdoor installations 20 1.18.1 Secondary nursing ponds 21 1.18.2 Fattening ponds 21 1.18.3 Oxygen and temperature control 21 1.18.4 Removing and sorting 21 1.18.5 Water quality 21 1.18.6 Diseases and treatments 21 1.19 Secondary nursing and fattening 22 1.19.1 Operation of the systems 22 1.19.2 Sorting and grading 22 i 1.19.3 Nutrition 22 1.19.4 Health 23 1.19.5 Water temperature 23 1.19.6 The control system 23 1.19.7 Results from eels in the growing ponds 23 1.20 Nutrition of eels at Kibbutz Dan 23 1.21 Control of water quality 25 1.22 Parasites and diseases 25 1.23 Harvesting, packing and transporting 25 1.23.1 Before harvest 26 1.23.2 Shipping preparations 27 1.23.3 Harvest and transfer to packing station 27 1.23.4 At the packing station 27 1.24 Bibliography 27 CHAPTER 2: AYU (PLECOGLOSSUS ALTIVELIS) CULTIVATION IN JAPAN 29 AND ISRAEL 2.1 Biology and life cycle of the ayu 29 2.2 Methods of cultivation and marketing in Japan 29 2.2.1 Ayu breeding at Yabe River Cooperative 29 2.2.2 Breeding preparedness examination 29 2.2.3 Breeding * 30 2.2.4 Care of the eggs 30 2.2.5 Marketing at Yabe River Cooperative 30 2.2.6 An ayu fish farm at Kochi 31 2.2.7 Incubation and larviculture 31 2.2.8 Rotifer cultivation 31 2.2.9 Processing plant 31 2.2.10 Algae 32 2.3 Methods of cultivation at Kibbutz Dan 32 2.3.1 Breeding 32 2.3.2 Insemination and incubation 32 2.3.3 Larviculture 33 2.3.4 Cultivation of rotifers 33 2.3.5 Water quality in the closed water system 34 2.3.6 Advanced nursery and fattening pools 35 2.3.7 Marketing of ayu cultivated at the Dan Fisheries 37 2.4 Maladies and treatments 38 2.4.1 In Japan 38 2.4.2 In Israel 39 CHAPTER 3: CULTIVATING HYBRID STURGEON (ACIPENSER 40 GUELDENSTAEDTIIX A. BESTER) IN NORTHERN ISRAEL 3.1 Biology of the sturgeon 40 3.2 Production of caviar 40 3.3 Freshwater species used for meat production 41 3.4 Reproduction 41 3.5 The sturgeon in aquaculture 41 3.6 R&D in Israel 42 3.6.1 Incubation and nursery stages 42 3.6.2 Fattening stage 43 3.7 Research on gonadal development of sturgeon 44 3.8 Chemical treatment trials 45 ii 3.9 Adapting feed for sturgeon cultivation 47 3.10 Sturgeon processing 51 3.10.1 Products 51 3.10.2 Processing facility 52 3.10.3 Salted and smoked products 56 CHAPTER 4: CULTIVATION OF GUPPIES (POECILA RETICULATE) IN AN 58 ENCLOSED WATER SYSTEM 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Biology of the guppy 59 4.3 Life cycle of the guppy 60 4.4 Selection of phenotypes (external attributes) and genotypes (genetic structure) 62 4.5 Cultivation of ornamental fish in Israel 64 4.6 Description of cultivation systems 65 4.6.1 Greenhouse structure 65 4.6.2 Tanks and water quality 66 4.6.3 Water storage and supply 67 4.6.4 Aeration 68 4.6.5 Lighting 68 4.6.6 Additional equipment 68 4.6.7 Experimental breeding area 68 4.7 Nutrition 69 4.7.1 Dry foodstuffs 69 4.7.2 Live foods 70 4.7.3 Food additives 71 4.8 Disease and parasite control 71 4.9 Fish harvest and shipment 72 4.10 International trade of ornamental fish 73 CHAPTER 5: CULTIVATION OF THE HECKEL DISCUS FISH 75 (SYMPHYSODON DISCUS) 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Broodstpck and oviparity 75 5.3 Cultivation of eggs and fingerlings 76 5.3.1 Natural cultivation 76 5.3.2 Artificial cultivation 77 5.4 Cessation of oviparity 77 5.5 Feed 78 5.6 Overall health 79 CHAPTER 6: BREEDING ANGELFISH (PTEROPHYLLUM SCALARE, 81 CICHLIDAE) 6.1 Biology of the angelfish 81 6.2 Fecundity and larvae survival in five angelfish strains 82 6.3 Growth and nutrition 82 6.4 Oogenesis and steroid profiles during the reproduction cycle of female 83 angelfish 6.4.1 Oogenesis of P. scalare 83 6.4.2 Steroid changes during oogenesis 84 6.4.3 Conclusions 85 6.5 Sale of fish 85 6.6 References 85 CHAPTER 7: ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FISH FARMING PROJECTS 119 7.1 Introduction 119 iii 7.1.1 The value of economic evaluation 119 7.1.2 Making an economic evaluation 119 7.1.3 Using electronic spreadsheets 120 7.2 Economic evaluation of an eel farm 120 7.2.1 Basic assumptions and initial data 120 7.2.2 Economic evaluation of the project 123 7.2.3 Economic evaluation of innovations 126 7.3 Economic evaluation of a guppy farm 126 7.3.1 Basic unit 126 Expanded farm 123 ר 3.2 7.3.3 Summary of the economics of a guppy farm 134 7.3.4 The Hefetz model fish farm 134 7.4 Economic evaluation of a discus farm 137 7.4.1 Basic unit 137 7.4.2 Expanded farm 140 7.4.3 Summary of the economics of a discus farm 142 7.5 Comparison of the guppy and the discus farms 142 7.6 References 146 Tables 1.1 Location of Anguilla species (Tesch, 1977). 2 1.2 Ingredients of a dry eel feed developed in Israel (%). 5 1.3 Average weights in week 13. 15 1.4 Weight of eels in week 29. 15 1.5 Monthly mortality of eels in 1997 and 1998. 18 1.6 Comparison of results of three primary nursing cycles. 20 1.7 Formula of powder mix fed to eels (Tsemach 1999). 24 1.8 Chemical analysis of fattening mix. 24 1.9 Three kinds of crumbs fed to eels during primary nursing. 24 1.10 Water quality in eel fattening ponds in 2000. 26 2.1 Ayu breeding cycles at Dan Fisheries. 34 2.2 Feeds for ayu. 34 2.3 Growth rate of young ayu during the primary nursery period. 34 2.4 Salt composition of the ayu nursery tanks at the Dan Fisheries. 35 2.5 Daily food ration, according to water temperature and fish weight. 36 2.6 Production of ayu at Kibbutz Dan in 2001. 37 3.1 Production program for sturgeon according to growth cycle (A, B, C, D). 43 3.2 Fish growth and production in 4 m2 tanks. 43 3.3 Fish growth and production in feeding pools (600 m2). 44 3.4 Sturgeon mortality following experiments a-d. 46 3.5 Fish mortality following copper sulfate treatment. 46 3.6 Chemical analysis of the experimental diets (% of dry material). 48 3.7 Food consumption (kg feed/50 fish/day; initial average weight 307-318 g). 49 3.8 Fish growth, initial average weight 307-318 g. 49 3.9 Average fish body weight (g). 50 3.10 Composition of experimental diets (% dry matter).