3 _ ML The Archaeology and Pottery of Nazca, Peru ALFRED L. KROEBER'S 1926 EXPEDITION Alfred L. Kroeber and Donald Collier EDITED BY Patrick H. Carmichael with an Afterword by Katharina J. Schreiber ALTAM1RA PRESS A DIVISION OF SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC. Walnut Creek • London • New Delhi Published in cooperation with The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITOR'S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 8 Soisongo 61 Soisongo A 62 LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 9 Soisongo B 62 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 14 Soisongo C 63 PREFACE, Patrick H. Carmichael (1993) 17 Soisongo D and E 66 Editorial Comment 17 Aja 66 Volume Organization 18 Aja B 66 Historical Overview 18 Aja A 67 Site Locations 19 Curvi 68 Field Methodology 19 Cantayo 68 Graves and "Graves" 19 Lower Cantayo Site L 68 Aging and Sexing of Skeletal Remains 19 Lower Cantayo Site M 68 Architecture 20 Upper Cantayo Sections E and D 70 Nasca Lines and Filtration Galleries 20 Upper Cantayo Sections Ca and Cb 70 The Nasca Potter)' Sequence 20 Upper Cantayo Structure Cax 71 Editorial Introduction to the Ceramic Descriptions: Cahuachi 73 Methods and Abbreviations 21 Cahuachi Location A 78 Subsequent Research on this Collection 22 Cahuachi Locations B, C, and D 81 Analysis of Human Hair Artifacts 22 Cahuachi Location E 81 Stable Isotope Analysis and Nasca Diet 22 Cahuachi Location G 81 Proper Use of this Volume as a Research Guide .... 23 Cahuachi Locations I, J, K, and L 81 References 23 Cahuachi Location O 82 Terracing at Cahuachi 82 INTRODUCTION, Alfred L. Kroeber (i960) 25 La Estaqueria '. 82 CHAPTER 1: Histo?y and Itinerary of the Expedition ... 29 Taruga 82 CHAPTER 2: Area and Sites 35 Las Trancas 83 Poroma 83 CHAPTER 3: Excavations 39 CHAPTER 4: Adobe Bricks and Wall Construction 85 La Chimba [Santa Cruz] and Huayuri 39 Adobes at Ocongalla 85 Tierras Blancas, Aja, and Nazca Rivers 39 La Calera 39 Adobes at Majoro Chico A 85 Ocongalla Zero 41 Adobes at Soisongo A and C 89 Majoro Chico 43 Adobes at Aja A 90 Majoro Chico Site B 43 Adobes at Cantayo Cax 91 Majoro Chico Site A 44 Adobes at Cahuachi 92 Structure of Low Adobe Walls 44 Summary 92 Majoro A Houses 46 CHAPTER 5: Succession of Phases in Nazta Culture 93 Majoro A Graves 47 Method of Presentation 93 Majoro Chico Site E 52 Nazca A and B Shape Summary 95 La Huayrona 52 CHAPTER 6: Pottery of Phase Ai 97 Paredones 53 Cahuachi A: Phase A1 97 Agua Santa 53 Interior-Painted Plates of Shape Ac 97 Ocongalla West 55 Outside-Painted Bowls of Shapes B, E, and F .... 99 Ocongalla West A 56 Double-Spout Jars, Shapes Ui and Z 105 Ocongalla West B 58 Figure Vases, Shape A' 107 Pueblo Viejo 60 Three-Handled Jars, Shape TTT 108 Unslipped Utility Vessels 109 OfPhase,42 or Bi (?) 147 Pan's Pipes 109 Ocongalla West A, Grave 6 147 Aja B: Phased/ no Cantayo D, Grave 5 148 Center-Painted Plates of Shape Ac 111 Cantayo M, Grave 1 149 Plate with Painted Interior and Exterior, Discussion of Phase A2 150 Shape A 112 CHAPTER 8: Pottety of Phase Bi 151 Hemispherical Bowl, Shape GG 112 Nazca B and Its Phases 151 Outside-Painted Bowls of Shapes Ba-c and Ea... 112 Criteria for Phases Bi and B2 151 Low Bowls, B Type 113 Graves of Phase Bi 152 Medium-Height Bowls, E Type 115 Ocongalla West B, Grave 3 152 High Bowl, FType 116 Ocongalla West B, Grave 4 155 Double-Spout Jars, Shape U 116 Majoro Chico A, Grave 16 157 Head Jar, Shape Y4 118 Gifts from Cantayo 160 Three-Handled Large Jar, Class TTT 118 Summary of Bi Graves 161 Unslipped Utility Vessels 119 Aja Graves Excavated by Tello 120 CHAPTER 9: Potteiy of Phase Bi 163 Aja B, Grave 2 120 Graves of Phase Bi 163 Aja B, Grave 4 121 Ocongalla West B, Grave 7 163 Majoro Chico A: Phased/ 122 Ocongalla West B, Grave 8 166 Majoro A, Grave 18 122 Ocongalla West B, Grave 9 166 Inside-Painted Plates, Shape Ac 122 Ocongalla West B, Grave 10 171 Bowl Painted Inside and Outside 123 Figure-and-Spout 171 Outside-Painted Bowls of Shapes Shape-P Bulbous-Concave Vases 172 Ba-c and Ea 123 Shape-A/Tapering Vases 174 Double-Spout, Shape Ui 125 Shape-A^ Double-Convex Goblets 176 Human-Figure Jars, Shape A" 125 Shape-D Bowl 178 Small-Mouthed Jar 125 Shape-F-H Bowls 178 Majoro A, Grave 20 126 Ocongalla West B, Grave 12 179 Majoro A, Grave 14C 127 Double-Spouts 179 Frequencies oiAi Vessel Shapes at Wide-Mouthed Spherical Jar, Shape R 181 Three Larger Sites 128 Shape-P, Bulbous-Convex Vase 181 Other Ai Sites and Graves 128 Waisted Goblet 183 Ocongalla West A, Graves 4 and 5 128 High Flaring Bowls, Shape H 184 Soisongo B, Grave 11 131 Shape-D Bowls 186 Textiles from Soisongo B, Grave n 132 Plates Ar, Inside-Painted on Rim Only 187 Soisongo C, Grave 10 133 LIndecorated Spheroid Jars 188 Cantayo D, Grave 6 134 Ocongalla Zero 189 Cahuachi O 134 Grave 1 189 Nazca Ai Objects without Sure Associations 135 Grave 2 190 Cantayo D or E, Surface 135 Grave 3 190 Cantayo M, Surface and Trial Pits 136 Grave 4 193 Unknown Grave, Paredones(?) 136 Grave 6 193 Purchased at Yapana 137 Summary ... }. 194 Agua Santa, Nazca B Section 194 CHAPTER 7: Pottery of Phase Az 139 Grave 10 194 Majoro Chico A, Grave 17 139 Grave 11 196 Alajoro Chico A, Grave 15 143 Grave 12 : 196 Uncertain Ai Material 144 Grave 14 197 Cantayo M, Grave 4 144 Grave 15 198 Cantayo Cax Deity Bowl 144 Soisongo C, Grave 5 201 Agua Santa, Grave 16 145 Cantayo M, Grave 2 203 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Nazca Bi from Tunga 204 APPENDIX: Mineral, Plant, and Tunga: Period Not Certain 206 Animal Identifications 259 Nazca Bi from Taruga 207 LITERATURE CITED 260 CHAPTER 10: Nazca Y Phase 209 AFTERWORD: Nasca Research Since 1916 The Nazca YStyle: Generalities 209 Phase FVessel Shapes and Designs 209 Katharina J. Schreiber (1998) 261 Nazca FMaterial Excavated in 1926 210 Nasca Prehistory: A Perspective from the Graves of Phase Yi 210 End of the 20th Century 262 Majoro Chico A, Grave 7A 210 Archaeological Research in Nasca since 1926 263 Majoro Chico A, Grave 7B 211 Artifacts 263 Majoro Chico A, Grave 8 212 Features 264 Bowls 213 Burial Patterns 264 Human-Figure Jar 214 Geoglyphs 264 Rim-Painted Plate 215 Puquios 264 Angled Goblet 215 Site Excavations 265 Collared Bowl with Nazca A Resemblances .. 216 Cahuachi : 265 Ocongalla West B, Grave 1 217 Estaqueria 265 Ocongalla West B, Grave n 219 Agua Santa 265 Soisongo A, Grave 2 222 Taruga Valley Sites 265 Soisongo C, Grave 1 223 Las Trancas Cemeteries 266 Soisongo C, Grave 2 225 Huaca del Loro 266 Soisongo C, Grave 3 226 Pacheco 266 Soisongo C, Grave 13 227 Regional Surveys 266 Purchased at Paredones in 1925 228 William Duncan Strong, 1952-1953 266 David Robinson, 1954 266 CHAPTER 11: Later Phase Yi 229 UCSB Surveys, 1986-1996 266 Graves of Phase Yi 229 Surveys Elsewhere in the Nasca Region 266 Soisongo B, Grave 9 229 Locating Kroeber's Sites 267 Majoro Chico A, Grave 5 230 Ocongalla 268 Majoro Chico E, Grave 1 232 Majoro Chico 268 La Huayrona, Grave 1 236 La Huayrona 268 Agua Santa, Grave iB 237 Paredones 268 Comparison of Phases Yi and Y2 237 Agua Santa 268 CHAPTER 12: Pre-Ai Indications: Phase Ao 239 Pueblo Viejo 268 Subsite Cantayo Cax 239 Soisongo 269 Various Ao Sherds and Fragments 244 Aja 269 Paracas Sherd 245 Curvi 269 Ocongalla West B, Grave 6: Ai or Ao 246 Cantayo 269 Cahuachi 269 CHAPTER 13: Post-Nazca Culture: Late Period 249 Sites in Taruga 269 Soisongo B, Graves 4, 5, 6, 7, and 10 249 Las Trancas 269 Cantayo Ca, Grave 21 251 Poroma 269 Cantayo Ca, Grave 3 252 Final Observations :' 270 Cantayo Cb, Grave 5 253 Notes 270 La Huayrona, Grave 3 254 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: Nasca, Kroeber, Majoro Chico B, Grave 1 254 and Later 271 Agua Santa, Graves iA, 2, 4, 5, and 9 255 Purchased at Poroma 258 INDEXES .275 TABLE OF CONTENTS.