GEXcel Work in Progress Report Volume XI Proceedings from GEXcel Theme 4: Gender and Violence – Mechanisms, Anti-Mechanisms, Interventions, Evaluations Theme 4 was part of the joint Theme 4–5: Sexual Health, Embodiment and Empowerment: Bridging Epistemological Gaps Autumn 2009 Edited by Barbro Wijma, Claire Tucker and Alp Biricik Centre of Gender Excellence – GEXcel Towards a European Centre of Excellence in Transnational and Transdisciplinary Studies of • Changing Gender Relations • Intersectionalities • Embodiment Institute of Thematic Gender Studies: Department of Gender Studies, Tema Institute, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Linköping University Division of Gender and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University & Centre for Feminist Social Studies (CFS), School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (HumES), Örebro University Gender Studies, School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (HumES), Örebro University December 2011 The publication of this report has been funded with the support of the Swedish Research Council: Centres of Gender Excellence Programme GEXcel Work in Progress Report Volume XI: Proceedings GEXcel Theme 4: Gender and Violence – Mechanisms, Anti-Mechanisms, Interventions, Evaluations December 2011 Copyright © GEXcel and the authors 2011 Print: LiU-tryck, Linköping University Layout: Tomas Hägg Tema Genus Report Series No. 15: 2011 – LiU CFS Report Series No. 17: 2011 – ÖU ISBN 978-91-7519-979-5 ISSN 1650-9056 ISBN 978-91-7668-848-9 ISSN 1103-2618 Addresses: www.genderexcel.org Institute of Thematic Gender Studies, LiU-ÖU – an inter-university institute, located at: Department of Gender Studies, Linköping University SE 581 83 Linköping, Sweden Division of Gender and Medicine Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences SE 58185 Linköping, Sweden & Centre for Feminist Social Sciences (CFS) School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (HumES) Örebro University SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden Gender Studies School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (HumES) Örebro University SE 70182 Örebro, Sweden Contents Centre of Gender Excellence Gendering Excellence – GEXcel 5 Nina Lykke Editors’ Foreword 13 Chapter 1 Gender and Violence – Mechanisms, Anti-Mechanisms, Interventions, Evaluations 15 Barbro Wijma Chapter 2 Gender and Human Rights in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research 33 Nkolika Ijeoma Aniekwu Chapter 3 Abuse in Health Care: The Trivialisation of Violence in Maternity Care in Brazil 51 Maria Helena Bastos Chapter 4 Violence Against Women During War in the 1990s: Bosnia and Rwanda 69 Sara Valentina Di Palma Chapter 5 Cultural Violence 87 Johan Galtung Chapter 6 Visible Invisibility? Representing Dynamics of Relational Violence 103 Katarzyna Kosmala Chapter 7 Effects of Gender-Based Violence: A Situation Analysis of the 2007 Post-Election Ethnic Violence in Kenya 121 Grace Bosibori Nyamongo Chapter 8 ‘When He Beat Me, I Kind of Felt That It Was Nice… That It Hurt Physically’: Exploring the Workings of Symbolic Violence 135 Lotta Samelius and Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert Chapter 9 Abuse in Health Care: Gender Differences and Ill- health in Men and Women (Re)Victimised in Health Care 149 Katarina Swahnberg Chapter 10 The State, Violence and Sex Workers’ Subjectivities in Istanbul, Turkey 165 Aslı Zengin Centre of Gender Excellence Gendering Excellence – GEXcel Towards a European Centre of Excellence in Transnational and Transdisciplinary Studies of: • Changing Gender Relations • Intersectionalities • Embodiment Nina Lykke, Linköping University, Director of GEXcel In 2006, the Swedish Research Council granted 20 million SEK to set up a Centre of Gender Excellence at the inter-university Institute of The- matic Gender Studies, Linköping University and Örebro University, for the period 2007–2011. Linköping University has added five million SEK as matching funds, while Örebro University has added three million SEK as matching funds. The following is a short presentation of the excellence centre. For more information contact: Scientific Director of GEXcel, Professor Nina Lykke ([email protected]); GEXcel Research Coordinator, Dr. Ulrica Engdahl ([email protected]); GEXcel Research Coordina- tor, Dr. Gunnel Karlsson ([email protected]); or Manager Gender Studies, Linköping, Berit Starkman ([email protected]). 5 Institutional basis of GEXcel Institute of Thematic Gender Studies, Linköping University and Örebro University The institute is a collaboration between: Department of Gender Studies, Linköping University; Division of Gender and Medicine, Linköping University & Centre for Feminist Social Studies, Örebro University; Gender Studies, Örebro University GEXcel board and lead-team – a transdisciplinary team of Gender Studies professors: • Professor Nina Lykke, Linköping University (Director) – Gender and Culture; background: Literary Studies • Professor Anita Göransson, Linköping University – Gender, Organisa- tion and Economic Change; background: Economic History • Professor Jeff Hearn, Linköping University – Critical Studies of Men and Masculinities; background: Sociology and Organisation Studies • Professor Liisa Husu, Örebro University – Gender Studies with a So- cial Science profile; background: Sociology • Professor Emerita Anna G. Jónasdóttir, Örebro University – Gender Studies with a Social Science profile; background: Political Science, Social and Political Theory • Professor Barbro Wijma, Linköping University – Gender and Medi- cine; background: Medicine and Associate Professor Katharina Swahnberg – Gender and Medicine; background: Medicine International advisory board • Professor Karen Barad, University of California, St. Cruz, USA • Professor Rosi Braidotti, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands • Professor Raewyn Connell, University of Sydney, Australia • Professor Emerita Kathleen B. Jones, San Diego State University, USA • Professor Elzbieta Oleksy, University of Lodz, Poland • Professor Berit Schei, Norwegian University of Technology, Trond- heim, Norway • Professor Birte Siim, University of Aalborg, Denmark 6 Aims of GEXcel 1) To set up a temporary (five year) Centre of Gender Excellence (Gendering EXcellence: GEXcel) in order to develop innovative research on changing gender relations, intersectionalities and em- bodiment from transnational and transdisciplinary perspectives. 2) To become a pilot or developmental scheme for a more permanent Sweden-based European Collegium for Advanced Transnational and Transdisciplinary Gender Studies (CATSgender). A core activity of GEXcel 2007–2011 A core activity is a visiting fellows programme, organised to attract ex- cellent senior researchers and promising younger scholars from Sweden and abroad and from many disciplinary backgrounds. The visiting fel- lows are taken in after application and a peer-reviewed evaluation pro- cess of the applications; a number of top scholars within the field are also invited to be part of GEXcel’s research teams. GEXcel’s visiting fellows receive grants from one week to 12 months to stay at GEXcel to do research together with the permanent staff of six Gender Studies professors and other relevant local staff. The Fellowship Programme is concentrated on annually shifting the- matic foci. We select and construct shifting research groups, consisting of excellent researchers of different academic generations (professors, post doctoral scholars, doctoral students) to carry out new research on specified research themes within the overall frame of changing gender relations, intersectionalities and embodiment. Brief definition of overall research theme of GEXcel The overall theme of GEXcel research is defined as transnational and transdisciplinary studies of changing gender relations, intersectionalities and embodiment. We have chosen a broad and inclusive frame in or- der to attract a diversity of excellent scholars from different disciplines, countries and academic generations, but specificity and focus are also given high priority and ensured via annually shifting thematic foci. The overall keywords of the (long!) title are chosen in order to in- dicate currently pressing theoretical and methodological challenges of gender research to be addressed by GEXcel research: – By the keyword ‘transnational’ we underline that GEXcel research should contribute to a systematic transnationalizing of research on gen- der relations, intersectionalities and embodiment, and, in so doing, de- velop a reflexive stance vis-à-vis transnational travelling of ideas, theories 7 and concepts, and consciously try to overcome reductive one-country focused research as well as pseudo-universalising research that unreflect- edly takes, for example ‘Western’ or ‘Scandinavian’ models as norm. – By the keyword ‘changing’ we aim at underlining that it, in a world of rapidly changing social, cultural, economic and technical relations, is crucial to be able to theorise change, and that this is of particular impor- tance for critical gender research due to its liberatory aims and inherent focus on macro, meso and micro level transformations. – By the keyword ‘gender relations’, we aim at underlining that we define gender not as an essence, but as a relational, plural and shifting process, and that it is the aim of GEXcel research to contribute to a fur- ther understanding of this process. – By the keyword ‘intersectionalities’, we stress that a continuous re- flection on meanings of intersectionalities in gender research should be integrated in all GEXcel research. In particular,