EFFECTIVENESS OF UPLAND RICE FARMER-TO-FARMER SEED PRODUCTION-EXCHANGE SYSTEM: THE CASE OF FOGERA WOREDA, SOUTH GONDER, ETHIOPIA M.Sc Thesis TESFAYE ALEMU ABETEW August 2009 Haramaya University EFFECTIVENESS OF UPLAND RICE FARMER-TO-FARMER SEED PRODUCTION-EXCHANGE SYSTEM: THE CASE OF FOGERA WOREDA, SOUTH GONDER, ETHIOPIA A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, School of Graduate Studies HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION (AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND INNOVATION) By TESFAYE ALEMU ABETEW August 2009 Haramaya University SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY As Thesis Research advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this thesis prepared, under my guidance, by Tesfaye Alemu Abetew, entitled ‘ EFFECTIVENESS OF UPLAND RICE FARMER-TO- FARMER SEED PRODUCTION – EXCHANGE SYSTEM: THE CASE OF FOGERA WOREDA, SOUTH GONDAR, ETHIOPIA ’. I recommend that it be submitted as fulfilling the thesis requirement. Professor Ranjan S. Karippai _____________ _____________ Major Advisor Signature Date As members of the Board of examiners of the M.Sc Thesis Open Defense Examination, we certify that we have read, evaluated the Thesis prepared by Tesfaye Alemu Abetew and examine the candidate. We recommended that the Thesis be accepted as fulfilling the Thesis requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Rural Development and Agricultural Extension (Communication and Innovation). _________________ _____________ ________________ Chair person Signature Date _________________ ______________ _________________ Internal Examiner Signature Date _________________ ______________ _________________ External Examiner Signature Date ii DEDICATION To the late Getachew Afework who dedicated his life for the promotion of rice in Fogera woreda. iii STATEMENT OF AUTHOR First, I declare that this thesis is the result of my own work and that all sources or materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced M.Sc. degree at Haramaya University and to be made available at the universities Library under the rules of the Library. I confidently declare that this thesis has not been submitted to any other institutions anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by dean of School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. Name: Tesfaye Alemu Place: Haramaya University, Haramaya Signature…………………… Date of submission: August, 2009 iv BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH The author was born in North Gonder Zone, Wogera Woreda on June 3, 1965. He completed his primary and secondary school at Tsadique Yohannes and Fassiledes comprehensive school, respectively. He completed his secondary school on June 1982. He joined the then Jimma Junior College of Agriculture in September 1984 and completed his diploma in General Agriculture. Then he was employed in the Ministry of Agriculture and served for more than 16 years. He got an opportunity to join the then Alemaya University for his first degree program in Agricultural Extension as mid-career student from 1999 to 2001. After completion of undergraduate degree, he served in South Gonder Department of Agricultural and Rural Development for 6 years. In 2007, he returned back and joined Haramaya University as Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) sponsor to pursue his post graduate studies in Agricultural Communication and Innovation stream in the Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension. The author is married and has a son and daughter. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I would like to praise the almighty God for his all time good will and Assistance in general and for living me the courage and endurance to start the graduate studies and finalize this thesis in particular. Many people and organizations contributed for the successful completion of this thesis work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Ranjan S. Karippai for his wholehearted advice and supervision from the design of proposal to the production of the thesis paper, without his encouragement, guidance and professional expertise the completion of this work would not have been possible. My special thanks go to Dr Ranjitha Puskur for her critical review and suggestion in the formulation of the proposal as well as for facilitation of the research fund. I am indebted to many individuals of South Gonder Department of Agricultural and Rural Development, Fogera Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Office, development agents particularly Tadele Bele, Gedefaw Habtamu, Merkew Asnakew and farmers in the study area, who contributed more and involved for the successful accomplishment of my study. My sincere gratitude is also extended to Ato Tilahun Gebey, coordinator of Fogera IPMS in providing necessary information for the study. My colleagues, Ato Solomon Mokonen, Siyum Asmare and Wuletaw Mekuria have encouraged me throughout the course of my study. I took this opportunity to thank my wife Genet Miteku for her encouragement and taking the responsibility to take care of our children in the course of my study. I appreciate the patience from my kids Estifanos Tesfaye and Samrawit Tesfaye while I left them for my study. My brothers and sisters also offered me moral and financial support. Special thanks to Mr. Asmamaw Alemu, Assistant Researcher in the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research for reading and commenting on the manuscript. Finally, I would like to express my thanks to International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) IPMS project for financing my study. vi ABBREVIATIONS ACSI Amhara Credit and Saving Institution ANRS Amhara National Regional State ARARI Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute ARC Agricultural Research Center BBM Broad Bed Maker BoARD Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development CSA Central Statistics Authority DOARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DAs Development Agents ESE Ethiopian Seed Enterprise FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FTC Farmers Training Center GTZ Germen Technical Coordination Ha Hectare HH House Hold IAR Institution of Agricultural Research IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ILRI International Live stock Research Institute IPMS Improving Productivity and Marketing Success NERICA New Rice for Africa NGO Non Governmental Organization ORDA Organization for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara PADEP Peasant Agricultural Development Project PAs Peasant Associations PLS Project Learning Site PDRE Peoples Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Qt Quintal RAAKS Rapid Appraisal Agricultural knowledge System RALC Regional Advisory and Learning Committee vii ABBREVIATIONS (continued ) SAA Sasakawa Africa Association SG2000 Sasakawa Global 2000 SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science SMS Subject Matter Specialist SSA Sub Sahara Africa WALC Woreda Advisory and Learning Committee WARDA West Africa Rice Development Association WARDO Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office WBG World Bank Group viii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHOR iv BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX xv ABSTRACT xvi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Rice Cultivation in Ethiopia 2 1.3. Statement of the Problem 5 1.4. Objectives of the Study 6 1.5. Significance of the Study 7 1.6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study 8 1.7. Structure of the Thesis 8 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1. Some Facts about Upland Rice Production 10 2.2. The Role of Extension in Technology Dissemination 12 2.3.1. Seed 13 2.3.2. Seed system 14 2.3.3. Formal seed system 15 2.3.4. Informal seed system 15 2.3.5. Seed exchange system 16 2.3.6. Limitation and opportunities for the informal seed system 16 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 2.4. Actors, Linkage and Knowledge Flow 17 2.4.1. Actors 17 2.4.2. Types of linkage mechanisms 18 2.4.3. Knowledge and knowledge flows 19 2.4.4. Institutional and organizational innovation 21 2.4.5. Innovator and farmer innovation 24 2.5. Empirical Studies 25 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29 3.1. Description of the study area 29 3.2. Research Design 33 3. 2.1. Sampling and sampling technique 33 3.2.2. Data and data sources 35 3.2.3. Data collection procedures 36 3.3. Definition of Variables and Working Hypothesis 37 3.4. Method of Data Analysis 41 3.4.1 Econometric model 42 3.4.2. Specification of multinomial logit model 42 4 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 45 4.1. Actors and their Roles and Linkage Mechanism in the Seed Supply System 45 4.1.1. Actors and their role in promoting upland rice seed production and exchange 45 4.1.1.1. Actors in the Public sector and their roles in promoting upland rice seed production and exchange 46 4.1.1.2. Actors in the NGO sector and their roles in promoting upland rice seed production and exchange 48 4.1.1.3. Private sector actors and their roles in promoting upland rice seed production and exchange 49 x TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 4.1.1.4. Missing actors that would have roles in promoting upland rice seed production and exchange 50 4.1.2. Linkage and pattern of interaction among actors in the system 52 4.1.2.1. Linkage of actors with the upland rice production and seed supply system 52 4.1.2.2. Pattern of interaction: linkage of actors with upland rice producers 54 4.1.2.3. Pattern of interaction: linkage and interaction among actors in the upland rice production and seed system 56 4.1.3. Knowledge flow in the farmers’ based upland rice seed supply system 58 4.2.