Guidance to develop by-products and end-of-waste criteria and proposals for draft legislation in Greece ______________________________________________ Final Report 26th March 2021 Guidance to develop by-products and end-of-waste criteria and proposals for draft legislation in Greece – Final Report Table of Contents Background and disclaimer ..................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Preparation, stakeholder meetings, data collection and analysis .................................................. 8 2.1 Stakeholders contacted .......................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Olive oil production residues ................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Cheese production residues .................................................................................................. 8 2.1.3 Rubber from End-of-Life Tyres (ELTs) .................................................................................... 8 2.2 Literature sources ................................................................................................................... 8 3. Olive oil and olive pomace-oil production residues ..................................................................... 10 3.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Olive oil production technologies ......................................................................................... 12 3.3 Olive pomace management .................................................................................................. 13 3.3.1 Extraction of crude olive pomace-oil ................................................................................... 13 3.3.2 Anaerobic digestion of olive pomace ................................................................................... 14 3.3.3 Direct use of olive pomace on the soil ................................................................................. 14 3.4 Exhausted olive cake, olive stones and olive pulp ................................................................ 15 3.5 Market situation in Greece ................................................................................................... 17 3.5.1 Olive mills and olive pomace mills ....................................................................................... 18 3.5.2 Olive pomace market ........................................................................................................... 20 3.5.3 Exhausted olive cake and olive stones market .................................................................... 20 3.5.4 Olive pulp market ................................................................................................................. 21 3.6 Legal framework in Greece ................................................................................................... 22 3.6.1 Legal framework for olive pomace ...................................................................................... 22 3.6.2 Legal framework for exhausted olive cake .......................................................................... 23 3.7 Olive oil and olive pomace-oil production residues: by-products or wastes? ...................... 24 3.7.1 Olive pomace ....................................................................................................................... 26 3.7.2 Exhausted olive cake ............................................................................................................ 27 3.7.3 Olive stones .......................................................................................................................... 28 3.7.4 Olive pulp ............................................................................................................................. 29 4. Cheese production residues ......................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 30 4.2 Production and main properties of cheese production residues ......................................... 31 4.3 Cheese residues valorisation and treatment options ........................................................... 32 4.3.1 Animal feeding ..................................................................................................................... 32 ii Guidance to develop by-products and end-of-waste criteria and proposals for draft legislation in Greece – Final Report 4.3.3 Physicochemical treatment ................................................................................................. 33 4.3.3 Biotechnological treatment ................................................................................................. 33 4.4 Market situation in Greece ................................................................................................... 34 4.4.1 Production of whey cheeses ................................................................................................ 34 4.4.2 Animal feeding ..................................................................................................................... 35 4.4.3 Extraction of whey proteins ................................................................................................. 35 4.4.4 Biogas production ................................................................................................................ 36 4.4.5 Co-treatment with cheese whey wastewater ...................................................................... 37 4.5 Legal framework in Greece ................................................................................................... 37 4.6 Cheese production residues: by-products or wastes? .......................................................... 38 5. End of Life Tyres (ELTs) ................................................................................................................. 41 5.1 Tyre statistics ........................................................................................................................ 41 5.2 Tyres as waste ....................................................................................................................... 42 5.3 Management of ELTs ............................................................................................................ 42 5.4 European Legislation ............................................................................................................. 42 5.5 Management systems for ELTs ............................................................................................. 44 5.6 Management options for ELTs .............................................................................................. 46 5.6.1 Energy Recovery ................................................................................................................... 46 5.6.2 Material Recycling ................................................................................................................ 47 5.7 Management of ELTs in Europe ............................................................................................ 48 5.8 Management of ELTs in Greece ............................................................................................ 48 6. Proposals for the drafting of Joint Ministerial Decisions .............................................................. 51 6.1 Draft JMD on by-products criteria for olive oil and olive pomace-oil residues .................... 51 6.2 Draft JMD on cheese whey and secondary cheese whey ..................................................... 52 6.3 Draft JMD on End of Waste criteria for the production and use of rubber from ELTs ......... 53 iii Guidance to develop by-products and end-of-waste criteria and proposals for draft legislation in Greece – Final Report LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Overview of the olive pomace-oil production ....................................................................... 14 Figure 2: Decision tree for determining whether a material is a by-product ....................................... 25 Figure 3: Major European Tyre Manufacturers .................................................................................... 41 Figure 4: European ELT management schemes .................................................................................... 45 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Terms used for various residual streams and products from the olive oil production. ......... 11 Table 2: Feed materials from olives according to Regulation 68/2013. ............................................... 12 Table 3: Comparison of olive stones and exhausted olive cake fuel properties .................................. 15 Table 4: Origin classification of olive residues used as solid biofuels according to ISO 17225-1 ......... 16 Table 5: Global and EU production of olive oil ..................................................................................... 17 Table 6: Olive pomace mills in Greece (non-exhaustive list) ...............................................................