HELEN BEATRICE ARMSTRONG, BSc(Syd), Grad. Dip.L.D., M.L.Arch(Research) (UNSW). A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban and Regional Planning At The University ofNew South Wales. July,2000. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ IX LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. XI LIST OF PLATES .............................................................................................................................. XII ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... XIV INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ IS Background: Heritage Places and Cultural Identity ...................................................................... 16 Australian Place Values ............................................................................................................ 17 Shifting Heritage Paradigms ................................................................................................. 17 National ldentity.................................................................................................................... l7 Interrupted Identity ................................................................................................................ 18 Ambiguity and Paradox in Australian Place Values ............................................................. 18 Locating Migrant Place Values ................................................................................................. 19 Introducing the Research Questions .............................................................................................. 20 Introducing the Theoretical Positions ........................................................................................... 22 Theoretical Interrelationships ................................................................................................ 23 Space-in-Between ................................................................................................................. 24 Social Heritage Significance ................................................................................................. 26 Cultural Landscape Theory and the New Critical Cultural Geographies .............................. 26 The Value of Locality Studies for Research on Migration .................................................... 27 Consumption of Place ........................................................................................................... 27 Politics of Identity ................................................................................................................. 28 Methodological perspectives ......................................................................................................... 28 Structure of the Study.................................................................................................................... 30 PART ONE CULTURAL PLURALISM OUTSIDE CULTURAL HERITAGE .............................. 34 Preamble ....................................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................... 36 LOCATING THE THEORETICAL SPACE: HERITAGE CONCEPTS ......................................... 36 Shifting Heritage Concepts ........................................................................................................... 37 European Heritage Paradigm Shifts in the Early 20th Century .................................................. 37 Heritage Concepts in the New World ........................................................................................ 38 Heritage Awakenings within a Global Context ......................................................................... 39 Post-Modem Revisions about the Concept of Heritage Places ................................................ .41 Corresponding Shifts in Heritage Theory ..................................................................................... 42 Specific Theoretical Issues for this Study .................................................................................... .45 Theoretical Tensions in Heritage Planning Practice ................................................................. .46 Revisions in the Academy ......................................................................................................... 50 Summary ofHeritage Theoretical Issues ...................................................................................... 52 Cultural Landscape Theory and the Critical Cultural Geographies ............................................... 54 Review of Cultural Landscape Theory .................................................................................. 55 Sense ofPlace ....................................................................................................................... 58 Contested Landscape Readings ............................................................................................. 61 The Iconography ofPlace ..................................................................................................... 63 Consumption of Place and Imagined Communities .............................................................. 66 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 69 iii CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................. 72 LOCATING THE THEORETICAL SPACE: MIGRATION/IDENTITY AND PLACE- ATTACHMENT............................................................................................................................... 72 Theoretical Approaches to Migration ............................................................................................ 75 The Migrant- A New World Essential ..................................................................................... 76 Migration to Australia: Politics of Race and Class ................................................................... 77 New World Comparisons ...................................................................................................... 77 Frontier Space, Migrant Space, National Space .................................................................... 78 White Australia to White Nation ............................................................................................... 79 The Spatial Implications ofthe Policy of Assimilation- 1947-1963 ..................................... 82 The Spatial Implications ofthe Period oflntegration- 1964- 1972 ..................................... 84 The Spatial Implications ofthe Period ofMulticulturalism (1973- 1995) ........................... 86 Contemporary Spatiality of Migrant Groups ............................................................................. 87 Place-Attachment .......................................................................................................................... 89 Migrant Identity, Theories and Issues ........................................................................................... 93 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................. 103 METHODOLOGICAL CONTEXT: WAYS TO UNDERSTAND MIGRANT PLACE MAKING 103 Revealing the Research Problem ................................................................................................. 103 Finding Ways to Address the Problem ........................................................................................ 103 The Nature of Data for this Study: Phenomena, Place and Text. ................................................ 110 Phenomena: the People and their Experiences ........................................................................ 110 The Places ............................................................................................................................... 111 The Texts ................................................................................................................................. 112 The Researcher's Interaction and Reflections ......................................................................... 113 Strategies for Analysis and Theory Development ....................................................................... 114 Grounding the Data ................................................................................................................. 114 Working with Themes ............................................................................................................