Millettia borneensis LC Taxonomic Authority: Adema Global Assessment Regional Assessment Region: Global Endemic to region Upper Level Taxonomy Kingdom: PLANTAE Phylum: TRACHEOPHYTA Class: MAGNOLIOPSIDA Order: FABALES Family: LEGUMINOSAE Lower Level Taxonomy Rank: Infra- rank name: Plant Hybrid Subpopulation: Authority: This was described as a new species of Millettia by F. Adema in 2000. General Information Distribution This species is reported to be in Sumatera, Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, West- and East-Kalimantan), Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia (Silk 2009, Adema 2000). However it was not found in the Checklist of the Total Vascular Plant Flora of Singapore (Chong et al. 2009). Two specimens were found from Singapore, however, they are dated 1857 and 1897. The current presence of this species here remains uncertain. The only specimen record found from Sumatera was collected from a garden, and the records from Peninsular Malaysia are pre 1940. As this species was newly described in 2000 (Adema 2000), it is possible that some existing specimens have not yet been redetermined, and further work on the identification and taxonomy of this species is needed. Range Size Elevation Biogeographic Realm Area of Occupancy: Upper limit: 250 Afrotropical Extent of Occurrence: Lower limit: 0 Antarctic Map Status: Depth Australasian Upper limit: Neotropical Lower limit: Oceanian Depth Zones Palearctic Shallow photic Bathyl Hadal Indomalayan Photic Abyssal Nearctic Population No population data is available for this species. However recent specimens have been collected in Borneo, the most recent dated 2005. A specimen from Sabah collected in 1965 records this species as a common tree along rivers. Total Population Size Minimum Population Size: Maximum Population Size: Habitat and Ecology This shrub or tree, from 4 to 50 metres high, grows in undisturbed, lowland, mixed dipterocarp forest. In secondary forest it is usually a remnant from the original vegetation. It is found particularly along rivers and is also found in swamp forest. It grows on limestone and sandy soils. System Movement pattern Crop Wild Relative Terrestrial Freshwater Nomadic Congregatory/Dispersive Is the species a wild relative of a crop? Marine Migratory Altitudinally migrant Growth From Definition Shrub - size unkno Perennial shrub (any size), also termed a Phanerophyte if >1m or a Chamaephyte if <1m Tree - large Large tree, also termed a Phanerophyte (>1m) Tree - small Small tree, also termed a Phanerophyte (>1m) Threats This species suffers from the threats of habitat loss associated with expanding human populations. The lowland forest habitat, within the range of this species, is particularly susceptible to clearing for agricultural cultivation, such as palm oil plantations and timber extraction. In Singapore, as a result of extensive urbanization, very little natural habitat remains. Lowland forest habitats in Borneo have been subject to loss, with an estimate of more than half of the natural habitat of this ecoregion having been cleared or degraded (Loucks 2001). There has been extensive logging activity and conversion to agriculture, both small scale slash and burn, and large scale, for example for palm oil and rubber plantations and loss of habitat as aresult of fires. Remote sensing has estimated the extent of closed canopy oil plantation, in the lowlands of Borneo, to be 2.4 million hectares (Koh et al. 2011). These threats are ongoing. Its persistance after logging activities, in some areas, suggests that it may have some tolerance to disturbance. Past Present Future 1 Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced) 1.1 Agriculture 1.1.1 Crops 1.1.1.2 Small-holder farming 1.1.3 Non-timber plantations 1.1.3.2 Large-scale 1.3 Extraction 1.3.3 Wood 1.3.3.3 Clear-cutting 1.4 Infrastructure development 1.4.2 Human settlement 1.7 Fires Conservation Measures There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It may benefit from existing protected areas, for example, it is recorded from the Ulu Tungud Forest Reserve in Sabah. However, these areas occupy only a small percentage of its range, and nearly all records fall outside them. The threats to the habitat of this species are ongoing and monitoring of the population status and trends, and habitat status and threats, is recommended. It was not found in available lists of seed bank or botanic garden species. In Place Needed 3 Research actions 3.1 Taxonomy 3.2 Population numbers and range 3.4 Habitat status 3.5 Threats 3.8 Conservation measures 3.9 Trends/Monitoring 4 Habitat and site-based actions 4.4 Protected areas 4.4.1 Identification of new protected areas 4.4.4 Expansion 5 Species-based actions 5.7 Ex situ conservation actions Countries of Occurrence PRESENCE ORIGIN Year Breeding Non- Passage Possibly Extinct Presence Native Introduced Re- Vagrant Origin Round Season breeding migrant extinct uncertain Introduced uncertain only season only Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Kalimantan Sumatra Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak Singapore General Habitats Score Description Major Importance 1 Forest 1 Suitable Unset 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland 1 Suitable Unset 1.8 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp 1 Suitable Unset Ecosystem Services Insufficient Information available Species provides no ecosystem services Species Utilisation Species is not utilised at all Purpose / Type of Use Subsistence National International 17. Unknown Trend in the level of wild offtake/harvest in relation to total wild population numbers over the last five years: Trend in the amount of offtake/harvest produced through domestication/cultivation over the last five years: CITES status: Not listed IUCN Red Listing Red List Assessment: (using 2001 IUCN system) Least Concern (LC) Red List Criteria: Date Last Seen (only for EX, EW or Possibly EX species): Date Last Seen (only for EX, EW or Possibly EX species): Is the species Possibly Extinct? Possibly Extinct Candidate? Rationale for the Red List Assessment The extent of occurrence (EOO) exceeds the threshold for a threatened category, even if the records for Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatera are excluded. The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) and inferred population also exceed the thresholds. It is assessed as Least Concern (LC). However, surveys are recommended to establish the current geographical range of this species, and its population status and trends, as the threats to the habitat of this species are ongoing. Reason(s) for Change in Red List Category from the Previous Assessment: Genuine Change Nongenuine Change No Change Genuine (recent) New information Taxonomy Same category Genuine (since first assessment) Knowledge of Criteria Criteria Revisio and criteria Incorrect data used Other Same category but previously change in criteria Current Population Trend: Unknown Date of Assessment: 17/08/2010 Name(s) of the Assessor(s): H.Chadburn Evaluator(s): Notes: % population decline in the past: Time period over which the past decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): % population decline in the future: Time period over which the future decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): Number of Locations: Severely Fragmented: Number of Mature Individuals: Bibliography Adema, A., 2000, Notes on malesian Fabaceae- Millettia, Blumea2, 403-425, , Chong, K.Y., Tan, H.T.W. and Corlett, H.T., 2009, A CHECKLIST OF THE TOTAL VASCULAR PLANT FLORA OF SINGAPORE Native, Naturalised and Cultivated Species23 August, , University of Singapore, Koh, L.P. et al., 2011, Remotely sensed evidence of tropical peatland conversion to oil palm, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America12, 5127-5132, , Loucks, C., 2001, Borneo lowland rain forests (IM0102), Terrestrial Ecoregions, WWF, , WWF, Slik, J.W.F., 2009, Plants of south east Asia17 August, , , .