State-society exchange in modern Sahelian Africa: Cultural representation, political mobilization, and state rule (Senegal, Mauritania, Chad, Sudan). Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Daddah, Amel. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 03:41:12 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186159 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U-M-I University Microfilms International A Sell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9322660 State-society exchange in modern Sahelian Africa: Cultural representation, political mobilization, and state rule (Senegal, Mauritania, Chad, Sudan) Daddah, Amel, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1993 Copyright @1993 by Daddah, Amel. All rights reserved. V·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 STATE - SOCIETY EXCHANGE IN MODERN SAHEL IAN AFRICA: CULTURAL REPRESENTATION, POLITICAL MOBILIZATION, AND STATE RULE (SENEGAL, MAURITANIA, CHAD, SUDAN) by Amel Daddah Copyright @ Amel Daddah 1993 A dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillement of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN SOCIOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 9 3 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared bY __~A~m~e~l~Duaa~d~d~a~b~ ______________________ entitled ~sut~a~t~e~~~S~Q~c~j~e~t~y~E~x~c~hua~n~g~e~i"n~M~o~d~e~rwn~wS~a~h~e_J~l.·~a~n~A~f~r~i~c~a~:~ C11Jtural Representation. Political Mobilization, and state Rule (Senegal, Mauritania, Chad, Sudan) and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date /~ Apr;r J~ 13 Date Date Dr Grant Date i Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................... 7 2. LIST OF TABLES .......................................... 8 3. ABSTRACT................................................ 9 4. INTRODUCTION (ON NATIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEMS IN MODERN SAHEL IAN AFRICA) ................................................ 10 5. LITERATURE REVIEW AND CRITIQUE (NEO-MARXIST MODELS OF AFRICAN POLITICS) ............... 21 5.1 World-System/Dependency Theory's Definition of Peripheral Politics (Limits of Global Economic Determinism) ......................•............. 23 5.2 Class Analysis and African Historicity (Structural Marxist Approach of Dependent African Political Economies) ..............•............. 35 5.3 Gramsci's Legacy (Historicity and Cultural Specificity of African Political Arenas) ........ 46 5.4 Conclusion ...................................... 60 6. MODEL OF STATE - SOCIETY EXCHANGE IN SAHEL IAN AFRICA (CULTURAL REPRESENTATION, POLITICAL MOBILIZATION, & STATE RULE) ............................................ 63 6.1 Sahelian Countries' Ethno-Religious Configuration ................................... 68 6.2 State Representation: Cultural Inclusiveness versus Cultural Exclusiveness ................... 85 6.2.1 Ethno-Religious Networks of Political and Economic Access to the State ........... 86 6.2.2 Orientation of Culture-Related State Policies ............................... 97 6.3 Political Outcomes: Oppositional Mobilization & Mode of State Rule ............................. 102 6.3.1 Patterns & Scope of Oppositional Mobilization .......................... 103 6.3.2 Modes of State Rule (Patterns of Repression) ........................... 105 6.4 Theoretical Propositions & Outline of Cases .... 107 7. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH AND DATA COLLECTION ........... 114 8. HISTORIES OF CASES' ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFIGURATION (PATTERNS OF EXCHANGE AMONG PRE-COLONIAL STATES & -------- - 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued POLITICAL MEANING OF MODERN ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CLEAVAGES) ................•........................... 123 8.1 The Modern Ethno-Religious Configuration ....... 124 8.1.1 Senegal ............................... 124 8.1.2 Mauritania ............................ 133 8 . 1 . 3 Chad & Sudan.......................... 13 8 8.2 Historical Patterns of Political Exchange among Pre-Colonial States & Impact of.Colonization ... 148 8.2.1 Senegal: Progressive Integration ...... 148 8.2.2 Mauritania: Indiscriminate Warfare .... 157 8.2.3 Chad and Sudan: Early Political Crystallization of Ethno-Religious Cleavages ............................. 163 9. ISLAM, ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION, AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY: THE "CONFIGURATION EFFECT" IN SENEGAL A..""ID IN MAURITANIA ............................................ 1 7 7 9.1 The Political Economy of Brotherhoods in Senegal (Past, Present, & Trends for the Fu t ure) . 180 9.1.1 Outline of Senegal's Political Economy ............................... 181 9.1.2 Patterns of Oppositional Mobilization & the Stages in State Maneuvers ....... 198 9.1.3 "The Problem with Casamance" .......... 253 9.2 Islam and Ethnic Polarization in Mauri tania ..................................... 266 9.2.1 Access to Power and Patterns of Oppositional Mobilization ............. 267 9.2.2 Role of Islamic Legislation and the Issue of Language ..................... 333 9.2.3 The Haratine: Class or Communal Bases for Mobilization? .................... 341 9.3 Political Crises & the Prime Targets for State Repression ..................................... 3 53 9.3.1 Senegal: Secular Left & Casamance's MFDC .................................. 353 9.3.2 Mauritania: Negro-African Versus Maur Targets of State Repression ........... 361 9.3.3 Differential Meaning of the Mauritano-Senegalese (1989) Crisis in Senegal and in Mauritania ............. 369 -. --- - --- 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued 9.4 Conclusion: An uOmnipotent" Civil Society ...... 377 10. THE GROUNDS FOR CIVIL WAR IN CHAD AND SUDAN .......... 380 10.1 State Cultural Exclusiveness & Unequal Regional Development ...............................•..... 383 10.2 Chad: Northern Factionalism and the Intervention of Foreign Powers .............................. 403 10.3 Sudan: A "Clean" and Discrete Little War ....... 408 11. GENERAL CONCLUSION: WHAT ROUTES FOR THE FUTURE? (ON DEMOCRACY & DEVELOPMENT IN MULTI -CULTURAL SAHEL IAN STATES) ............................................... 413 Appendix A: Glossary of Political Actors Cited ........... 421 References ............................................... 427 7 LXST OF XLLUSTRATXONS FIGURE 1, Map of Senegal .............•..•.............. 12 Sa FIGURE 2, Map of Mauritania ..........•................. 133a FIGURE 3, Map of Chad .....................•............ 13 9a FIGURE 4, Map of Sudan ...............•................. 142a 8 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1, Ideal-Types of Ethno-Religious configuration .... 69 TABLE 2, Outcomes of State Representation ............... 100 TABLE 3, Ideal-Types of State Society - Exchange ........ 103 9 ABSTRACT Modern African states need to be analyzed from a perspective which complements, corrects, or specifies dependency/world-system and structural marxist explanations of peripheral political dynamics.