THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL IN FRANCE 1864-1872 Its Origins, Theories, and Impact Julian P. W. Archer University Press of America, Inc. Lanham • New York • Oxford CONTENTS Abbreviations ix Preface xi Introduction xiii PART ONE: THE PROUDHONIST PERIOD Chapter 1 Faint Trails 1862-1864 1 The August 5, 1862 Tea Party 1 Henri Louis Tolain 2 Tolain and Bonapartism 5 The Polish Revolt of 1863 8 The "Address to the Workmen of France" and the "Manifesto of the Sixty" 10 Revising the Law on Coalitions 12 Trail's End 13 Chapter 2 The Founding of the International 1864-1865 19 September 28, 1864 19 Character of the International 23 The French Version of the Provisional Rules 24 44 Rue des Gravilliers 27 Bonapartist Agents in the International? 28 The Secret History of the Founding of the International 33 First Members 35 The Activity of Other Branches in France 40 Character of the Paris Branch 41 Chapter 3 From London to Geneva 1865-1866 59 The London Conference of 1865 59 The Paris Branch, 1865-1866 61 Slow Provincial Growth 65 The Geneva Congress: High-water Mark of Proudhonism 66 The Significance of the Geneva Congress 75 Chapter 4 A Year of Stagnation 1866-1867 79 Paris Tries Cooperatives 79 The Strikes of 1867 and the International 82 Rumbles of War Again 85 Potential Conflicts in the Paris Branch 85 The Universal Exposition of 1867 87 Expansion and Dissension in the Provinces 89 The Lausanne Congress 98 Chapter 5 Persecution and Collapse 1867-1868 111 Trials in Paris 111 Provincial Parallels 117 The Brussels Congress 119 Chapter 6 Retrospective on the Proudhonist Years 1864- 1868 135 PART TWO: REDIRECTION THROUGH TRADE UNIONS AND STRIKES Chapter 7 Return of Energy 1868-1869 145 Paris: Living with Constraint 145 The Paris Branch and the Labor Movement 151 Provincial Agitations 155 Basel, the Last Genuine Congress 166 Chapter 8 Preparing the Bases 1869-1870 189 A Time for Federations 189 Republicanism Unmasked 192 A Pause for Reflection 195 The Federal Council of Parisian Trade Unions 197 "An Avalanche of Strikes" 200 Liberalization and Repression 203 Provincial Reemergence 211 Chapter 9 A Cataclysmic Finale 1870-1871 239 Paris and "the old deluded belief 239 Provincial Echoes 264 Chapter 10 Epilogue 1871-1872 291 Death in France 291 "Disintegrating Elements" 293 The Place of the First International in the History of Socialism and Labor 300 Bibliography 313 Index 337 vn.