E3S Web of Conferences 267, 01033 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701033 ICESCE 2021 Research on the kiln site protection and utilization of early Yue in Zhejiang based on protection first Shuang Wu1, Shou Lei Gao2* 1 School of History, Culture and Tourism, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541001, China 2 Institute of Architecture and Environment Art, Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College, Shanghai, 201415, China Abstract. The architectural heritage of handcrafts of Zhenjiang has unrepeatable technological and historical values. This paper aims at obtaining a reliable overview of the occurrence of the kiln sites. Their characteristics and values as architectural heritage of handcrafts will be fully understanding, expounds the problems in the protection and utilization of those kiln sites, then gives different utilization strategies on the priority of the kiln site protection is put forward. analysis of early period Yue wares production technology can help elucidate the relationship between proto- 1 Introduction porcelain manufacture and the later times celadon, also Yue wares is one kind of high fired green glazed ceramics other ceramic production among different regions. Thirdly, produced in Zhejiang, which is the most celebrated and expounds the problems in the protection and utilization of typical examples of celadon in ancient China. For a long those kiln sites, gives different strategies on the kiln site time, Yue wares held a leading position in the using market protection and utilization. of Ci(瓷) wares in China before the white color wares was invented and popularity in northern of China. Broad 2 The distribution of kiln sites speaking, the technique system of Yue wares production had maximum impact on the later ceramic production in The kilns site of celadon producing had been found in China, especially the celadon production and used in 1930s firstly, while all of them are regarded as a later time southern area of China. Compare with the Yue wares of than 2nd-6th century AD. Not until the 1950s, earlier period Sui and Tang dynasty, early period of Yue wares was not celadon producing kiln sites were found and confirmed, one of the heat research topics even among in Chinese then, after three times cultural artifacts survey and many scholars, because the lack of first hand of material and the time investigations by archaeological institute of Zhejiang, discovered of kiln sites. Until 1975, celadon unearth from now, about several 179 kiln sites can be confirmed of this the burial of Fenghuabaidu[1] it proved that celadon period in Zhejiang. From 1990s, some of the kiln sites had manufacturing begun in Zhejiang as early as the late been excavated for a further study, those fundamental period of East Han dynasty. work help built a map of the distributions and the status of This article aims to introduce the architectural remains celadon producing in ancient time. Table 1 shows the of early period Yue wares production during 2nd-6th number, location and time period distribution of those kiln century AD in northern of Zhejiang, increasing the sites remain. Meanwhile, there are continuous production understanding of the distribution and its production. of kiln using between different time periods, here, the Firstly, this article can help to understand the production statistics number is based on the specific period, for pattern of early period Yue wares and help determine other example if one kiln site was used in both Three kingdom more specific questions about Yue wares and early time dynasty and West Jin Dynasty, it will be taking account in celadon production in China, about several 179 kiln sites the total number of both two time periods. are introduced by statistics and analysis. Secondly, Table1: The number of Kiln site in Zhejiang (2nd-6th century AD) EH：East Han dynasty; TK: Three Kingdom; WJ: West Jin Dynasty; EJ: East Jin Dynasty, N; Nan Dynasty. “--“means zero Location/Time period EH TK WJ EJ N HuZhou 5 3 -- 4 4 Shaoxing 4 3 5 2 1 *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 267, 01033 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701033 ICESCE 2021 Shangyu 45 42 53 4 5 Cixi 10 2 -- 6 4 Ningbo 6 2 1 -- 1 Taizhou 5 4 9 9 3 Yuyao 1 3 6 2 1 Hangzhou -- -- 1 5 1 Wenzhou -- -- -- -- 1 Total 76 59 75 32 21 speaking, Qin and Han dynasty is a period of transition between earth ware and stoneware in China, pottery, 2.1 Diachronic distribution protocol-porcelain, and celadon producing exist Figure 1 shows the growing rule of kiln sites East Han simultaneously[2]. Apart from the East Han dynasty, the Dynasty to Nan Dynasty. The diachronic distribution of products of the other periods kiln sites are celadon only. In kiln sites presents as a wave with obvious curve. However, Three kingdom period, there are two categories of kiln according to the data, most of those kiln sites in East Han sites: one is evolved from East Han dynasty which turn dynasty were not produced only one kind of ceramic, from multiple products to celadon only; one is emerging usually they produced earth ware, proto-porcelain, black during this period. Later West Jin dynasty is the peak time glazed ware and celadon. since not all the kiln sites were of celadon producing, achieve a maximum production excavated and published and the survey data made by capacity during 2nd-6th century AD. Since the beginning of different researchers, it is hard to distinguish clearly how the Eastern Jin dynasty the number of kiln sites fat twitch. many of the East Han dynasty period kiln site had been According to the figure 1, early time celadon produce celadon only.This does not effect on the overall manufacturing in Zhejiang had a clearly regular as original observation of changes in the number of kilns. Boarding period-develop fast period-stagnation period. 1.1 1.2 Figure 1: 1.1 The number of kiln sites found in different area and time period in Zhejiang, 2nd-6th century AD. 1.2 The number of kiln sites found in different area of West Jin period in Zhejiang, 2nd-6th century AD. 2.2 Regional distribution 2.3 Remains in kiln site Figure 1.2 shows the regional distribution of celadon Although, the information that is contemporaneous with producing kiln sites in different times. East Han dynasty, the early celadon manufacture remains is scare and not Shangyu had already keep 59% of the kilns site in easy to interpret, but there are still many sherds and Zhejiang. Later in Three kingdom and West Jin dynasty, vessels from 2th-6th century has been found by the work after the mature celadon appeared, Shangyu keep a rate of of archaeological investigation and excavation. Most of 71%. Relatively, other area in Zhejiang had a smaller and the celadon manufacture remains are found in the scattered distribution. During the East Jin dynasty, northeast of Zhejiang province, usually, those antiquities Shangyu lost the leader position in kiln sites distribution. consist of kiln、workshop、equipment and furniture. Nan dynasty, even if the whole celadon manufacture were stagnation, Shangyu still had the biggest number of kiln sites. 2 E3S Web of Conferences 267, 01033 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701033 ICESCE 2021 Figure 2: Dragon kiln found in Zhejiang and the image of its structure (by author). and rapid cooling situation of dragon kiln is perfect to its formation[4]. 2.3.1 Dragon kiln Table 2 shows the information of dragon kiln in Dragon kiln is one main kind of kiln pattern in ancient Shangyu during 2nd-6th century which the kiln building China, for now, more than half of the kiln sites unearthed technology had stay stapled after a long-time exploration. in China are dragon kiln, most of them located in the lower In this period the length of kiln usually between 10-15m, reach of Yangtze river, particularly in Zhejiang, which the wide about 2-2.5m, but the technique of wood adding located on the slop side of hill, with a rectangular of plane, hole or open door at wall sides still not be innovated yet. on the ground[3]. Dragon kiln takes full use of the Each time before firing, potter need to come into the kiln environmental resource, the style and location help from the fire box which in the front of the kiln and the updrafts the firing and adding the temperature, at the same lowest stage of dragon kiln, then put the celadon wares time lie on the hill side make it convenient to get firing depending on different size and temperature place. resource(wood) and avoid the destroy of water-flooded Broadly speaking, compare with the original pattern in (drainage) Because the technological character of dragon, early time, during East Han to Nan dynasty, (1) almost all south of China, especially Zhejiang area, where with the dragon kiln had consisted of three parts, firing box, geological features as enough forest, water, clay and kiln floor and tail. (2) The length is between 10-15m, porcelain stone resources, became the perfect area for its longer than earlier period. (3) Furniture had been using and development. At the same time, in a win-win commonly used with different types and function for situation, the raw material of celadon manufacturing in raising production number. (4) Most of the dragon kiln in Zhejiang rich in Ferrum (Fe), which the key classical this period can make use of chimney to keep a better element of green color glaze making, the reducing flame temperature situation.