Post-Conflict Segregation, Violence, and Reconstruction Policy in Ambon NATIONAL VIOLENCE MONITORING SYSTEM (SNPK) PROGRAM THE HABIBIE CENTER (THC) RESEARCH TEAM: Mohammad Hasan Ansori Rudi Sukandar Sopar Peranto Fathun Karib Sofyan Cholid Imron Rasyid Table of Contents Introduction vii Glossary and Acronym ix Executive Summary xi CHAPTER I PREFACE 1 Background 1 Concept and Literature Review 5 1. Concept of Segregation 5 2. Segregation and Violence in Post-Conflict Region 8 3. Post-Conflict Segregation and Government Reconstruction Policy 10 Research Methodology 14 1. Research Approach and Data Collection Technique 14 2. Sampling Strategy 15 CHAPTER II OVERVIEW OF AMBON CITY 17 Demographic Picture of Ambon City 17 1. Picture of Ambon City 17 2. Picture of Ambon City Population 18 The Latest Situation of Ambon City 20 1. Social Situation 20 2. Political Situation 21 3. Economic Situation 24 CHAPTER III REFUGEES, RELOCATION, AND FORMATION OF POST-CONFLICT SEGREGATION 27 Brief History of Segregation and Post-Conflict Segregation Patterns in Ambon 27 1. Brief History of Segregation in Ambon City 30 2. Post-Conflict Segregation Patterns 32 Relocation/ Displacement Process 32 1. Management, Data Collection and Verification of Post-Conflict Refugees 32 2. Relocation Option and Scheme 38 3. Relocation and Community Concentration 41 Reasons for Relocation 43 1. Minority Group 43 2. Security 44 3. Failure to Return to Area of Origin 46 Conditions of Refugee/ Relocated Community 47 1. Empowerment of Refugee/Relocated Community 47 2. Physical-Health Condition and Population Issue 49 3. Distribution of Assistance 50 Issues on Refugees Rights and Civil Affairs 52 1. Civil Rights to Housing and Assets They Left Behind 52 2. Land Dispute 53 3. Land Certification 54 CHAPTER IV POST-CONFLICT SEGREGATION, INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP, AND RECONSTRUCTION POLICY 56 Development Program and Post-Conflict Segregation Handling 56 1. Reconciliation and Restoration of Brotherhood Tie 56 2. Opening of New Plural and Heterogeneous Settlement 57 3. Child Counseling, Trauma Handling and Informal Meeting 59 4. Social Harmony 60 5. Building Brotherhood (Orang Basudara) Relationship 63 Realization of Development Program in Post-Conflict Segregation Handling 66 1. Realized Programs 66 2. Unrealized Programs 69 Social, Economic and political Discrimination 72 Post-Conflict Inter-Community Relationship 77 1. Improved Inter-Society Relationship 77 2. Strengthened Public Awareness on Conflicts 79 3. Inter-Community Cooperation and Communications 81 4. Some Inter-Community Interaction Obstacles 82 5. Post-Conflict Social-Economic Deconstruction 83 Feeling Secure: Various Perspectives of Society’s Segments 85 1. Mothers’ Perspectives 85 2. University Students/ Students’ Perspectives 86 3. Pedicab/Motorcycle Taxi Drivers’ Perspectives 87 4. Small Vendors’ Perspectives 88 5. Employers’ Perspectives 88 Unifying and Dividing Factors 89 1. Unifying Factors 89 2. Dividing Factors 92 CHAPTER V POST-CONFLICT SEGREGATION, VIOLENCE, AND ROLE OF SECURITY PERSONNEL AND LEADERSHIP 95 Segregation and Emergence of Post-Conflict Violence 95 1. Background of Segregation 95 2. Post-Conflict Segregation and Emerging Violence 98 3. Post-Conflict Violent Incidents 100 The Role of Security Personnel in Handling Post-Conflict Violence 105 1. The Role of Security Personnel in The September11, 2011 Riot 105 2. Personnel Assignment 107 3. Security Personnel’s Involvement and Partiality 109 4. Evaluation on Personnel Performance in Disclosing Violent Cases 111 5. Issues of Border Post Construction and BKO Troops 114 Factors of Leadership, Harmony and Post-Conflict Violence 116 1. Leadership of Religious Figures 116 2. Leadership of Local and Traditional Figures 120 CHAPTER VI ROLES OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF THE SOCIETY IN HANDLING POST-CONFLICT SEGREGATION AND VIOLENCE 125 Various Society’s Efforts to Prevent Post-Conflict Violence 125 1. Social, Cultural and Religious Aspects 125 2. Political Aspect 129 3. Economic Aspect 130 Various Efforts of Civil Society Organizations and NGOs to Handle Post-Conflict Segregation and Violence 131 1. Religious Category 145 2. Social/Educational Category 148 3. Economic Category 151 Women’s Roles in Preventing Violence and Suppressing Segregation 153 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Program: Evaluative Approach 155 1. Perception on other Non Governmental Organizations 155 Perception on Peace Programs Executed by NGOs 157 CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 159 Conclusion 159 Recommendations 164 1. Handling of Post-Conflict Segregation 164 2. Handling of and Resolution To Refugee/Relocation Problems 167 3. Security Personnel and Handling of Post-Conflict Violence 168 Bibliography 170 Books and Articles 170 Documents, Reports, Newspapers, and Magazines 175 Index 178 Annexes 181 Profile of Research Team 187 Profile of The Habibie Center and National Violence Monitoring System (SNPK) 188 Introduction Amidst concerns that Indonesia will be divided due to violent conflicts in some provinces following the fall of New Order regime, a few peace agreements have successfully been reached and halted violence that had claimed thousands of lives and properties. One of the agreements was Malino II Peace Agreement that was viewed as the milestone of the termination of prolonged conflicts in Maluku Province. However, smaller and sporadic violence continues to occur in Maluku, especially in Ambon City. Peace researchers and activists have identified that one of the problems faced by Ambon City is post- conflict segregation. There has, however, yet to be a study focused on the relationship between post- conflict segregation, emerging violence and post-conflict developmental policies. Therefore, the study is designed to fill in the gap in such information. The study is conducted as part of the National Violence Monitoring System (NVMS), a cooperation between The Habibie Center and Deputy I Office for Environmental and Social Vulnerability Coordination of Coordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare, and supported by The World Bank. The program is funded by a grant from The Korea Economic Transitions and Peace Building Trust Fund. The researcher team would like to extend gratitude to all parties who have provided significant support for the study. Among them are Sana Jaffrey, Wahyu Handoyo, Adrian Morrel of The World Bank who have provided major inputs from the development of the initial concept of the research through the final report development; Mr Willem Rampangilei, Mr Nelwan Harahap, and Ms Zuraini from Deputy I Office of the Coordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare who have contributed inputs to the development of the research concept and provided assistance during the field research in Ambon City; Prof. Kamanto Sunarto (FISIP-UI) and Dr. Thung Ju Lan (LIPI) who have made critical notes on the first draft of the research concept; Najib Azca (PSKP-UGM) and Jacky Manuputty (peace activists in Ambon) who have brought significant inputs into the improvement of the drafted initial report of the study. The research team would like to thank Institut Tifa Damai Maluku, especially Hilda, Loury, and Jamal for their warm cooperation during the research; to all informants/ respondents who delivered information during the research; to the executive board and staff of The Habibie Center who have fully supported the research, especially Ima, Mr Ghazali, Mr Kun, Vivi, and Tasha. Finally, we hope this research benefits our concerted efforts to build peace in. Peace, Team NVMS-THC Glossary and Acronym Amplaz : Ambon Plaza Angkot : Angkutan Kota (public van) Bappekot Ambon: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Kota Ambon (Ambon City Development Planning Agency) BBM : Butonese, Bugis, Makassarese BBR : Bahan Bangunan Rumah (House Construction Materials) BKO : Bawah Kendali Operasi (The designation of auxiliary forces outside the province, and nominally placed under local command) BPN : Badan Pertanahan Nasional (National Land Agency) Depag : Departemen Agama (Ministry of Religious Affairs) DPRD : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (Regional Legislative Council) FISIP : Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (Faculty of Social and Political Sciences) GMKI : Gerakan Mahasiswa Kristen Indonesia (Indonesian Christian Students Movement) Golkar : Golongan Karya (a national party) GPM : Gereja Protestan Maluku (Maluku Protestant Church) HMI : Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Islamic Student Association) IAIN : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (State Institute for Islamic Studies) Inpres : Instruksi Presiden (Presidential Instruction) ITDM : Institut Tifa Damai Maluku JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency Kemenko Kesra : Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat (The Coordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare) KNIL : Koninklijk Nederlands-Indische Leger (Royal Netherlands East Indies Army) Komnas HAM : Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (National Commission on Human Rights) KPM : Koalisi Pengungsi Maluku (Maluku Refugees Coalition) LAIM : Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku (Maluku Interfaith Institute) LAPPAN : Lembaga Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak (Women and Child Empowerment Institute) MTQ : Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran (Qoran Recital Competition) MoU Malino : Memorandum of Understanding (Butir-Butir Perjanjian) Malino MUI : Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulema Council) NGO : Non-Governmental Organization OKP : Organisasi Kepemudaan (Youth Organization) Pesparawi : Pesta Paduan Suara Gerejawi (Church Choir Festival) Pemkot : Pemerintahan Kota (City Government)