Suzana Jurin Arijana Krišković Texts and Their Usage Through Text Linguistic and Cognitive Linguistic Analysis Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci 2017 Suzana Jurin Arijana Krišković TEXTS AND THEIR USAGE THROUGH TEXT LINGUISTIC AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Publisher Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Rijeka For the Publisher Associate Professor Ines Srdoč- Konestra, PhD Editors Assistant Professor Suzana Jurin, PhD Assistant Professor Arijana Krišković, PhD Reviews Associate Professor Vlasta Kučiš, PhD Assistant Professor Brigita Bosnar - Valković, PhD Proofreading Vladivoj Lisica, MA Graphic design and layout Sanja Jovanović Publication date June, 2017 ISBN 978-953-7975-59-3 Based on the Decision of the Publishing Committee of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Rijeka, Class: 612-10/17-01/25, File no.: 2170-24-01-17-1, this publication is issued as an edition of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Rijeka. Suzana Jurin Arijana Krišković Texts and Their Usage Through Text Linguistic and Cognitive Linguistic Analysis Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci Rijeka, 2017. Preface Is communication a necessity? Yes, it is, but how do we communicate through texts? Is text only one of possible modalities of communication? What makes text genres so special? What are the social purposes and functions that cer- tain text genres serve? How is the text genre represented in our minds? Do metaphors and metonymies occur naturally in text genres and what is their function? These and similar questions are the topics which occupy our interest in this book. Our aim is to bring to light specific communication situations, such as com- munication with text genres used in specific organizational settings in order to achieve particular corporate and institutional goals, gain corporate profit, and implement organizational ideology, based on the principles of text linguistic analysis. Another aim is to present texts in communication situations rele- vant to medical research in order to clarify the process and ways of mental representations of specific meanings based on the principles of the cognitive linguistic theory. Firstly, the focus of our interest are text genres which belong to the commis- sive text type, of bilateral and unilateral subtypes. The authors have studied the role of commissives in general and specific communication, i.e. commu- nication in corporations and institutions for many years. They have published, among others, two relevant papers concerned with the concepts and func- tions of commissives. The first article, entitled The Role of Text Genres Offer and Authorisation/Approval in Management Communication was published in Tourism and Hospitality Management, An International Journal of Multidiscipli- nary Research for South- Eastern Europe, Vol.17, Nr.2, 2011, Opatija, Wien, Thessaloniki, pp.175-304. The second paper, An Analysis of Text Genres Belonging to Bilateral Commis- sive Text Type Used in Management of Multinational Corporations for Com- munication Purposes, was published in Interdisciplinary Description of Com- plex Systems, Scientific Journal, Vol.10, issue 2, 2012, Zagreb, pp. 193-204. Additionally, the authors are concerned with the cognitive basis of production and reception of text genres belonging to the assertive text type, explicative subtype, specifically medical research articles. Among a significant number of published articles dealing with this topic, one relevant paper entitled Meton- ymy as an Impersonalisation Device in Medical Research Articles in English and Croatian was presented at The International Language Conference on The Importance of Learning Professional Foreign Languages for Communi- cation between Cultures, Zagreb, 2015, and published in an e-form in the conference proceedings. Further studies on the text linguistic analysis (on commissives and assertives) and cognitive linguistic analysis of text genres resulted in new knowledge and perceptions which we present in this edition. Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................11 1. Communication ......................................................................................13 2. Communication processes in corporations and institutions .............15 2.1. The role and significance of communication processes within corporations and institutions ..................................15 2.2. The organization as the sender and the recipient of information ................................................................17 3. Text and text genres ...............................................................................19 3.1. Text ....................................................................................................19 3.2. Standards of textuality .......................................................................23 3.3. Text genres ........................................................................................25 3.3.1. Text function as a standard for the determination of text genre ..........................................26 3.3.2. Different classifications of text genres .....................................28 3.4. Text and text genres as a communication tool in management ........33 3.4.1. Text in specialized communication ..........................................35 3.4.1.1. Text genres as specialized communication tool in organizations ...................................................35 4. Analyses of text genres .........................................................................37 4.1. Text genres in organizations ..............................................................40 4.2. Texts of the commissive text type used in multinational organisations ............................................................44 4.2.1. Classification and analysis of commissives ............................44 4.2.1.1. Bilateral commissives.................................................46 4.2.1.1.1. Text genre: application form .......................47 4.2.1.1.2. Text genre: contract ...................................51 4.2.1.1.3. Text genre: notice of readiness ..................55 4.2.1.1.4. Concluding remarks about text genres of the bilateral commissive text type .........58 4.2.1.2. Unilateral commissives or obligatives ........................59 4.2.1.2.1. Text genre: offer .........................................60 4.2.1.2.2. Text genre: authorization/approval .............65 4.2.1.2.3. Concluding remarks about text genres of the unilateral commissive text type .......68 5. About cognitive linguistic analysis of texts and about cognitive linguistic analysis in texts ..................................69 5.1. Text analysis of text genre medical research article ..........................71 6. Metonymy as an impersonalisation device in medical research articles in English and Croatian .........................73 6.1. Conceptual metonymy .......................................................................73 6.1.1. General classification of metonymy ........................................75 6.2. PART FOR PART metonymies in medical research articles .............76 6.2.1. The location domain ................................................................76 6.2.1.1. STATE FOR INSTITUTION ........................................76 6.2.1.2. INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE WORKING THERE .....77 6.2.1.3. PLACE FOR THE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTED THERE ...........................................79 6.2.1.4. STATE FOR INHABITANTS .......................................79 6.2.1.5. PLACE FOR STATE ...................................................79 6.2.2. The production domain ............................................................80 6.2.2.1. RESEARCH FOR AUTHORS ....................................80 6. 3. Concluding remarks about metonymy as an impersonalisation device in medical research articles ...........83 7. Predicative functions of metonymy in medical research articles......85 7.1. Definitions of metonymy ....................................................................85 7.2. Metonymic functions ..........................................................................87 7.3. Predicative metonymy in medical research articles ..........................89 7.3.1. PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE FOR A VERBAL CONSTRUCTION ........................................90 7.3.2. TENTATIVE ADJECTIVE OR VERB FOR A VERBAL CONSTRUCTION ........................................92 7.4. Metonymy TENSE FOR A SPECIFIC ACTION .................................94 7.5. ONE ACTION FOR ANOTHER ACTION ...........................................96 7.6. Concluding remarks about predicative functions of metonymy in text genre medical research article ..........................98 8. Positive or negative test results and human perception of disease .99 8.1. The conceptual integration theory ...................................................100 8.2. Mental spaces .................................................................................100 8.3. Conceptual integration ....................................................................102 8.3.1. Conceptual integration and metonymy ..................................104 8.3.2. Many-space model of conceptual integration vs. two-domain mappings ...................................105 8.4. Positive test vs. negative test ......................................................... 108 8.5. Progressive disease vs. progressive treatment ...............................114 8.6. Aggressive disease vs. aggressive