UNIDIR/98/16 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva Curbing Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms and Sensitive Technologies: An Action-Oriented Agenda Edited by Péricles Gasparini Alves and Daiana Belinda Cipollone UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1998 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. UNIDIR/98/16 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.98.0.8 ISBN 92-9045-127-0 Table of Contents Page List of Illustrations............................................ix Tables..................................................ix Maps................................................... x Diagrams................................................ x Graphs.................................................. x Figures .................................................xi List of Acronyms........................................... xiii Foreword—Hugo Alfredo Anzorreguy ............................ xv Preface—Christophe Carle ................................... xvii Acknowledgements—Péricles Gasparini Alves and Daiana Belinda Cipollone ..............................xix The Need to Reinforce Efforts to Fight Against Illicit Trafficking: An Introduction—Péricles Gasparini Alves and Daiana Belinda Cipollone .................................. 1 Part One: Prominent Issues in Illicit Arms Trafficking Chapter 1: Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms: Some Issues and Aspects—Jasjit Singh ............................ 9 Chapter 2: Weapons of Mass Destruction: Problems of Illicit Trafficking—Alfredo Luzuriaga ................. 19 Chapter 3: Illicit Trafficking in Delivery System Technologies and Components: An Assessment—Genaro Mario Sciola ...... 23 iii iv Curbing Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms and Sensitive Technologies Page Part Two: Small Arms I. The Situation in Latin America Chapter 1: Interrelationship between Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorist Groups in South America—Silvia Cucovaz .................... 33 Chapter 2: Interrelationship between Drug Trafficking and the Illicit Arms Trade in Central America and Northern South America—Daniel Ávila Camacho ........ 49 Chapter 3: The Role of Manufacturers and Dealers— Carlos Fernández .................................. 57 Chapter 4: National and International Initiatives against Illicit Arms Trafficking—Wilfrido Robledo Madrid ....... 67 II. Other Regions in Perspective Chapter 5: Interrelationship between Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorist Groups: African and European Issues—Stefano Dragani ................ 77 Chapter 6: Interrelationship between Small Arms Trafficking, Drug Trafficking and Terrorism—Antonio García Revilla ....... 85 Chapter 7: The Role of Arms Manufacturers and Traffickers—Rubén José Lorenzo .................. 93 III. Strengthening International Cooperation: A New Agenda for Control Regimes? Chapter 8: Developing New Links with International Policing— Donald Manross .................................. 101 Table of Contents v Page Chapter 9: Border Patrols and Other Monitoring Systems— Julio César Saborío A. ............................. 113 Chapter 10: The Role of State—Swadesh Rana. ................... 117 Part Three: Weapons of Mass Destruction I. Nuclear Issues Chapter 1: Illicit Trafficking in Nuclear Materials and Vector Components—Olivier Mahler ................. 125 Chapter 2: Illicit Trafficking in Nuclear/Radioactive Substances— Hiroaki Takizawa ................................. 129 Chapter 3: National and International Initiatives Relating to the Illicit Trafficking in Nuclear Material— Pedro Villagra Delgado ............................ 137 II. Chemical and Biological Agents Chapter 4: Illicit Trafficking in Chemical Agents— Masashi Matsuo .................................. 143 Chapter 5: Combating Illicit Trafficking in Chemical Agents: Prospects and Strategies—Louise Hand ............... 149 Chapter 6: Awareness and Access to Biological Weapons: Future Implications—Malcolm Dando ................ 153 Chapter 7: Strengthening the Convention on Biological and Toxic Weapons—Louise Hand ...................... 161 vi Curbing Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms and Sensitive Technologies Page III. Strengthening International Cooperation: A New Agenda for Control Regimes? Chapter 8: The Role of Intelligence Services— José Athos Irigaray dos Santos ...................... 167 Chapter 9: The Role of Export Controls in Addressing Proliferation Concerns—Sergei Zamyatin .............. 171 Chapter 10: Control Regimes for Toxic Chemicals and Pathogens to Curb Illicit Trafficking— Malcolm Dando and Graham S. Pearson .............. 177 Chapter 11: Using Small Satellite Constellations to Track and Monitor the Illicit Trafficking in Weapons and Sensitive Technologies—Panaiotios Xefteris and Maurizio Fargnoli ................................ 195 Part Four: Working Group Reports I. Small Arms Chapter 1: The Situation in Latin America—Marta Parodi ......... 215 Chapter 2: Other Regions in Perspective—Isabel Sarmiento ........ 219 Chapter 3: Strengthening International Cooperation: A New Agenda for Control Regimes?— Patricia Salomone ................................ 223 II. Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter 4: Nuclear Issues—María José Cassina ................. 229 Chapter 5: Chemical and Biological Agents—Eduardo Duarte ...... 233 Table of Contents vii Page Chapter 6: Strengthening International Cooperation: A New Agenda for Control Regimes?— Luis Alberto Padilla ............................... 237 Part Five: Final Recommendations Final Recommendations—Eduardo Pelayo, Péricles Gasparini Alves and Daiana Belinda Cipollone ............................. 243 List of Authors............................................. 251 Recent UNIDIR Publications .................................. 255 List of Illustrations Page Tables Part One: Prominent Issues in Illicit Arms Trafficking Chapter 1 1.1: Spectrum of War, Armed Conflict and Use of Force..... 12 Part Two: Small Arms Chapter 1 I.1.1: Select Small Arms and Prices....................... 36 Chapter 3 I.3.1: The “Arsenals Affair”: Seizure of Weapons, Munitions, Explosives and Various Types of Support Equipment .... 58 I.3.2: Total Registrations of Weapons (1984-1995) .......... 64 I.3.3: Statistics on Arms Sales (1990-1995) ................ 65 I.3.4: Total Weapons Seized (Carabineros and PICh) ......... 66 Part Three: Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter 11 III.11.1: COSMO/Skymed System Performance Summary ...... 205 III.11.2: Compressed Data Storage Capacity and Transmission Speeds (Compression Gains of 32 Assumed) .......... 208 III.11.3: Allocated COSMO Subsystem DC Power/Energy Requirements................... 209 ix x Curbing Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms and Sensitive Technologies Page Maps Part Two: Small Arms Chapter 1 I.1.1: South America .................................. 35 I.1.2: Common Routes for Arms Trafficking ............... 45 Diagrams Part Two: Small Arms Chapter 1 I.1.1: Multinational Arms Trafficking ..................... 43 I.1.2: Vermelho Commando ............................ 44 Part Three: Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter 11 III.11.1: Totally Integrated Surveillance System (TISS) Concept for Curbing Illicit Weapons and Sensitive Technologies Traffic—Main Functions Block Diagram . 198 Graphs Part Three: Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter 11 III.11.1: Peak and Mean Revisit Interval Performance of the Optical Constellation at Solstices VS. Latitude-Sun Vector Grazing Angle > 15/ ............ 202 List of Illustrations xi Page Figures Part Three: Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter 11 III.11.1(a): Artist’s View of the SAR Satellite ................ 210 III.11.1(b): Artist’s View of the Optical Satellite .............. 211 List of Acronyms ABACC Argentine-Brazilian Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials AHG Ad Hoc Group AIA Advanced Informed Agreement AMPC Auxiliary Mission Planning Center ASF Automated Search Facilities ATF Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Agency BASIC British American Security Information Council BTWC Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention BWC Biological Weapons Convention C4I Command, Control, Communications, Computer Intelligence CIA Central Intelligence Agency (USA) CICAD Inter-American Commission for the Control of Drug Abuse CIR Joint Regional Intelligence Organization CISS Conventional Information and Surveillance System COCOM Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls CONAE National Commission for Space Activities CWC Chemical Weapons Convention DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (USA) DGD Decision Guidance Document DGMN Directorate General for National Mobilization DNA Designated National Authority DRPADS Data Receiving, Processing, Archiving and Distribution System ECOSOC Economic and Social Council EEC European Economic Community EO Earth Observation EU European Union EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FMLN Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front FPMR Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front GIA Armed Islamic Group GSS Ground Surveillance System IAEA International Atomic Energy