ERANET+ CACTUS Models and Methods for the Evaluation and the Optimal Application of Battery Charging and Switching Technologies for Electric Busses Duration: 01/June/2012 – 31/May/2015 Partners Institut f. Automation und Kommunikation e.V. Magdeburg (IFAK), Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics (IML), Germany Silesian University of Technology (SUTFT), Poland Document: Deliverable 1.2 Technologies for Fully Electric Busses Authors: Sebastian Naumann (IFAK) Hedwig Vogelpohl (IML) Version: 1.0 CACTUS Content Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 5 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Problem ................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Concept ................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Scope of this Deliverable ......................................................................................... 8 1.5 Structure of this Deliverable .................................................................................... 9 2 Energy Storage Technologies ............................................................................ 10 2.1 Battery ....................................................................................................................10 2.2 Ultracapacitor .........................................................................................................13 2.3 Flywheel .................................................................................................................13 2.4 Regenerative Braking .............................................................................................14 2.5 Summary ................................................................................................................15 3 Energy Transmission Technologies ................................................................... 17 3.1 Conductive .............................................................................................................17 3.1.1 AC ...................................................................................................................17 3.1.2 DC ...................................................................................................................17 3.1.3 Connection Types ...........................................................................................17 3.2 Inductive .................................................................................................................18 4 Battery Charging ................................................................................................ 23 4.1 Charging in the U.S.A. ............................................................................................23 4.2 Charging in Europe ................................................................................................23 4.2.1 Mode 1 (AC Charging) ....................................................................................24 4.2.2 Mode 2 (AC Charging) ....................................................................................24 4.2.3 Mode 3 (AC Charging) ....................................................................................24 4.2.4 Mode 4 (DC Charging) ....................................................................................25 4.2.5 Charging Connectors ......................................................................................25 4.3 Charging Modes in Korea .......................................................................................27 5 Battery Exchanging ............................................................................................ 28 6 Models of All-Electric Busses ............................................................................. 30 6.1 Solaris Bus & Coach S.A. (Poland) ........................................................................30 6.1.1 Urbino 8.9 LE electric ......................................................................................30 Page 2 CACTUS 6.1.2 Urbino 12 LE electric .......................................................................................31 6.2 BYD Co. Ltd. (China) ..............................................................................................31 6.2.1 BYD K9 electric (eBUS-12) .............................................................................32 6.3 Euracom GmbH (Germany) ....................................................................................33 6.3.1 Euracom 600 ...................................................................................................34 6.4 Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (China) ..........................................................................35 6.4.1 YS6120DGCity Bus (Electric) ..........................................................................36 6.4.2 YS6120DG New Energy Vehicle (Electric) ......................................................36 6.5 AB Volvo (Sweden) ................................................................................................37 6.6 Bluekens Truck & Bus B.V. (Netherlands) ..............................................................38 6.6.1 Volvo 7700 Zero Emission...............................................................................38 6.6.2 BlueCoach First Electric (Low Entry) ...............................................................39 6.6.3 BlueCoach First Electric ..................................................................................40 6.7 Rampini (Italy) ........................................................................................................40 6.7.1 Rampini ALÉ Electric Bus ...............................................................................41 6.8 BredaMenarinibus (Italy) ........................................................................................41 6.8.1 ZEUS ..............................................................................................................41 6.9 Hankuk Fiber (South Korea) ...................................................................................42 6.9.1 e-Primus ..........................................................................................................42 6.10 Hyundai-Kia Motors (South Korea) .........................................................................43 6.10.1 Elec-City ..........................................................................................................43 6.11 CT&T (South Korea) ...............................................................................................44 6.12 Proterra (USA) .......................................................................................................45 6.12.1 EcoRideTM BE35..............................................................................................45 6.12.2 FastFill™ Charging Station ..............................................................................46 6.13 Ebus (USA) ............................................................................................................47 6.13.1 Ebus Electric 22-foot .......................................................................................47 6.13.2 Ebus Electric 40-foot .......................................................................................48 6.14 Cobus Industries (Germany) ..................................................................................49 6.14.1 e.Cobus/Cobus 2500e .....................................................................................49 6.15 Other ......................................................................................................................50 6.16 Summary ................................................................................................................50 7 Trolleybuses ....................................................................................................... 52 7.1 Van Hool NV (Belgium) ..........................................................................................54 7.2 VISEON Bus GmbH (Germany) .............................................................................55 Page 3 CACTUS 7.2.1 VISEON LT20 .................................................................................................55 7.3 Carrosserie Hess AG (Switzerland) ........................................................................56 7.3.1 Swiss Trolley 4 ................................................................................................56 8 Other Alternative Propulsion Technologies ........................................................ 58 8.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle ...........................................................................................58 8.2 Fuel Cell .................................................................................................................60 8.3 Photovoltaic cell (PV) .............................................................................................61 9 References ......................................................................................................... 64 Page 4 CACTUS Abbreviations AC Alternate Current AEV All-electric vehicles