Notes NOTES TO PREFACE 1. Norman Hamson, "The Two French Revolutions," The New York Review of Books 36, no. 6, p. 11. 2. The literature concerning the civil wars and the interregnum is very great indeed. For a summary of recent schools of thought, see R. C. Richardson, The Debate on the English Revolution Revisited, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1989). A good general account of diverse areas of study from economics to music to ecclesiastical and legal affairs is Godfrey Davies, The Early Stuarts, 1603- 1660, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959). The bibliography on pages 416-443 is very helpful. John S. Morrill's excellent bibliography, Seventeenth-Century Britain, 1603-1714 (Kent: Dawson/Archon Press, 1980), is a fine place to begin an investiga­ tion of any subject or issue of the age. During the last fifty years, scholars have attempted to widen the constituencies studied and thereby better understand the views of many groups apart from those wielding power. Some recent scholars have indicated that most Englishmen were not caught up in the frenzy of optimistic change and have attempted to assess town-level grievances. The titles of their works themselves tell much of the story: J. S. Morrill, The Revolt of the Provinces (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976); Brian Manning, The English People and the English Revolution (London: Heineman Books, 1976); Roger Manning, Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509- 1640 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988); Keith Lindley, Penland Riots and the English Revolution (London: Heineman Books, 1982); D. Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion (Oxford: Clarendeon Press, 1985); and Buchanan Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). Popular religion and revolutionary radical ideas are nicely described by Christoper Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (London: Viking Press, 1972); F. D. Dow, Radicalism in the English Revo­ lution, 1640-1660 (London: Basil Blackwell, 1985); Frank J. McGregor and Barry Raey, Radical Religion in the English Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Jerome Friedman, Blasphemy, Immorality and Anarchy: The Ranters and the English Revolution (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987). Information on individual radicals can be located in Richard L. Greaves and R. L. Zaller, A Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century, 3 vols. (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982- 84 ). For additional sources of relevant aspects of the revolution and popular religion, see the notes to subsequent chapters. 3. See the following catalogues: G. K. Fortescue, ed., Catalogue of the Pamphlets, Books, Newspapers, and Manuscripts Relating to the Civil War, the 266 THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND FAIRFORD'S FLIES Comonwealth, and the Restoration, Collected by GeorgeNThomason, 1640-1661, 2 vols. (London: British Museum, 1908); The Thomason Tracts, 1640-1660, parts I and II (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1981); C. R. Gillett, ed., Catalogue of the McAlpine Collection of British History and Theology, 5 vols. (New York: Union Theological Seminary, 1927-1930); J. Kennedy, W. A. Smith, and A. L. Johnson, eds., Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous English Literature, 7 vols. (Edinburgh: University Press, 1926-1934); A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, eds., A Short Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1475-1640 (London: Bibliographical Society, 1906: reprinted 1969); Donald Wing, ed., A Short Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1641-1700, 3 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945-1951) NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 1. For the history of English printing, please consult the following: William M. Clyde, The Struggle for Freedom of the Press From Caxton to Cromwell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934; reprinted New York: Burt Franklin, 1970); Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); C. R. Gillett, Burned Books: Neglected Chapters in British History and Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932); W. W. Greg, Some Aspects and Problems of London Publishing Between 1550 and 1650 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956); P.M. Handover, Printing in London from 1476 to Modern Times (London: Allen & Unwin, 1960); Leona Rostenberg, Literary, Political, Scientific and Legal Publishing, Printing and Bookselling in England, 1551-1700 (New York: Franklin, 1965); F. S. Siebert, Freedom of the Press in England, 1476-1776 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1952); H. S. Bennett, English Books and Readers, 1475-1557, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969); Bennett, English Books and Readers, 1558-1603, Being a Study of the History of the Book Trade in the Reign of Elizabeth 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965); Bennett, English Books and Readers, 1603-1640, Being a Study of the History of the Book Trade in the Reign of James I and Charles I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965); P. M. Handover, Printing in London from 1476 to Modern Times (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960); Christopher Small, The Printed Word: An Instrument of Popularity (Aberdeen, SD: Aberdeen University Press, 1982); Roger Chantier, ed., The Culture of Print and the Uses of Print in Early Modern Europe, tranlated by Lydia Cochran (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989). 2. See D. M. Loades, "The Theory and Practice of Censorship in Sixteenth­ Century England," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 14 (1974): 141-157; Annabel Patterson, Censorship and Interpretation: The Condition of Writing and Reading in Early Modern England (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985); Oliver Thomson, Mass Persuasion in History: An Historical Analysis of the Development of Propaganda Techniques (New York: Crane & Russak, 1977). 3. See Cyprian Blagden, The Stationers Company: A History, 1407-1959 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960) and Edward Arber, ed. A Transcript of l'olotcs 267 the Registers of the Company of Stationers in London, 1554-1640, 5 vols. (London, 1875-94; reprinted Gloucester, MA: P. Smith, 1967). 4. Sandra Clark, The Elizabethan Pamphleteers: Popular Moralistic Pamphlets, 1580-1640 (Rutherford, NJ: Associated Universities Press, 1983), p. 26. 5. Joseph Frank, The Beginnings of the English Newspapers, 1620-1660 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 162. 6. Concerning the early newspaper, see Siebert, Freedom of the Press in England; Geoffrey A. Cranfield, The Press and Society: From Caxton to Northcliffe (London: Longman, 1978); Richmond P. Bond, ed., Studies in the Early English Periodical (Chapel Hill: University Of North Carolina Press, 1957); F. Dahl, Dutch Corantos, 1618-1650 (The Hague: Koninklijke, 1946); Joseph Frank, The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620-1660 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961); Peter Fraser, The Intelligence of Secretaries of State and Their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1600-1688 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956); Matthias A. Shaaber, Some Forerunners of the Newspaper in England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1929). 7. See Cranfield, The Press and Society, p. 14ff. 8. Frederick W. Bateson, ed., Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, 5 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1940-1957), vol. 1, pp. 736-763. The most available source of English newspapers is the 300 reels of the University Microfilm Thomason Collection. See G. K. Fortesque, ed., Catalogue of the Pamphlets, Newspapers, and Manuscripts Relating to the Civil War, the Common­ wealth and Restoration Collected by George Thomason, 1640-1661, vol. 2, part II (London: British Museum, 1908), pp. 371-440. Other useful guides and lists are the following: D. C. Collins, A Handlist of News Pamphlets, 1590-1610 (London: SW Essex Technical College, 1943); Fortesque, Catalogue, pp. 447-767; J. L. Harner, English Renaissance Prose Fiction, 1500-1660 (London: G. Prior, 1978); James T. Henke, Gutter Life and Language in the Early Street Literature of England: A Glossary of Terms and Topics, Chiefly of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, 1988). 9. For these numbers, see the introduction to Fortesque, Catalogue, p. xx; Siebert, Freedom of the Press in England, p. 191, arrives at slightly greater figures. 10. Margerie Plant, English Book Trade: An Economic History of the Making and Selling of Books (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965, 1974). 11. Cranfield, The Press and Society, p. 20. 12. Concerning Muddiman, seeP. Frazer, The Intelligence of the Secretaries of State and Their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1660-1688 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956); J. G. Muddiman, The King's Journalist, 1659-1689 (London: Bodley Head, 1923). !268 THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND FAIRFORD'S FLIES 13. See Lawrence Stone, ed., Schooling and Society (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1976); Stone,"The Educational Revolution in England, 1560-1640," Past and Present 28 (1964): 41-80; Stone, "Literacy and Education in England, 1640- 1900," Past and Present 42 (1969): 69-139; Margaret Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories (Athens: University Of Georgia Press, 1981), chapter 2; W. A. L. Vincent, The State and School Education 1640-1660 (London: SPCK, 1950). 14. R. S. Scofield, "The Measurement of Literacy