Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Ferdinand II Christian IV Albrecht von Frederick V Gustavus Adolphus Cardinal Richelieu Holy Roman Emperor King of Denmark & Wallenstein Elector Palatine & King of Sweden Chief Minister of & King of Bohemia Norway Bohemian General Head, Protestant France Catholic Lutheran Catholic Union Lutheran Catholic Calvinist Origins & Conict in Danish Intervention Swedish Intervention Swedish-French Period Treaty of Westphalia & Bohemia The War’s Eects 1618-1622 1622-1626 1630-1632 1632-1648 1648 Dates ● HRE Ferdinand II ● King Christian IV of ● King Gustavus ● Cardinal Richelieu ● Ferdinand III, new HRE ● Frederick V Denmark Adolphus of ● Leaders involved w/ ● Maximilian, Prince of ● HRE Ferdinand II Sweden end of the war & peace Key Bavaria, organizer of ● Albrecht von ● Albrecht von treaty Leaders Catholic League Wallenstein Wallenstein Origins & Conict in Danish Intervention Swedish Intervention Swedish-French Period Treaty of Westphalia & Bohemia The War’s Eects ● Religious divisions in ● Frederick V turns to ● July 1630 – ● 1635 – Peace of ● 1637 – Ferdinand III, __________________ _________________ Gustavus Adolphus ___________ -- new Holy Roman ● Conflict between the for help (fellow lands his army in German Protestants Emperor, promises to Bourbons & Protestants) after ____________ reached a tolerate _____________ ______________ (rivals) Ferdinand II had ● The English & Dutch compromise with ● Treaty of Westphalia ● Emperor conquered the asked Sweden to Ferdinand II but the ended the war only in _______________ Palatine principality assist the _________ refused to the ___________ states began limiting Protestant ● Frederick fled into ________________ join (not between Spain & worship & wanted to exile in the ● Sweden brought a ● French supported the France) restore Netherlands new mobility to Swedes against their ● Sweden & France ________________ warfare with infantry rivals, the Habsburgs gained territory: Sweden ● English & Dutch throughout the empire & cavalry employing ● __________________ got Pomerania, Bremen ● Most _____________ encouraged fire & charge tactics feared Habsburg & Verden while France were Lutheran or Protestant resistance – each unit of the expansion & wanted to got most of __________ Calvinist—threw 2 ● King _____________ army had both make _________ a ● _______________ don’t imperial officials outside wanted to extend defensive & great world power, by lose any land a Prague palace window Denmark’s influence offensive capabilities protecting its interests ● ___________ lost its Important in May 1618 & invaded Germany ● Gustavus wanted to abroad independence in 1625 Facts ● Rebels seized control of expand Sweden & ● ___________ ● Recognized the Bohemia & were led by ● Emperor Ferdinand II got ________ becomes a secondary independence of the & ______________ of hired Albrecht von financial aid issue Swiss Confederacy & Events Palatine, a __________ ________________, ● Gustavus defeated ● The French end The Netherlands prince & head of the a Bohemian noble to Polish & Habsburg ____________ military ● _____________ gained Protestant Union, who lead his forces troops greatness legal recognition was made king of ● Emperor Ferdinand II ● Gustavus led the ● Germans watched as ● State ____________ Bohemia for a year until expelled Calvinist & largest _______ French, Swedish & would still be being defeated Lutheran ministers in ever under a single Spanish soldiers fight determined by the ● Catholicism & imperial ___________ & command in for 13 years ________ authority with forced Catholicism ___________ ● Huge population __________ & Bavarian through the Edict of (175,000 men) but decline: 1/3 of help from Maximilian & Restitution (1629) dies at the battle of ___________ died the Catholic League Lützen, defeated by ● France emerged with a ● Wallenstein defeated restored Ferdinand as _____________ stronger ____________, the ________ & they king of Bohemia ● Wallenstein plotted becoming Europe’s ● What started as a revolt withdrew from the with Sweden & greatest power by ____________ war in 1626 France, was found ● German __________ nobles against an guilty of ________ & would continue for unpopular Catholic assassinated on the another 200 years emperor escalated into emperor’s orders in ● Last of the religious an international war 1634 wars ANSWER KEY Origins & Conict in Danish Intervention Swedish Intervention Swedish-French Period Treaty of Westphalia & The War’s Bohemia Eects ● Religious divisions in ● Frederick V turns to ● July 1630 – Gustavus ● 1635 – Peace of ● 1637 – Ferdinand III, new Holy Central Europe Scandinavia for Adolphus lands his Prague -- Roman Emperor, promises to ● Conflict between the help (fellow army in Germany German Protestants tolerate Protestantism Bourbons & Habsburgs Protestants) after ● The English & Dutch reached a compromise ● Treaty of Westphalia ended the (rivals) Ferdinand II had asked Sweden to with Ferdinand II but war only in the German states ● Emperor Ferdinand II conquered the assist the the Swedes refused to (not between Spain & France) began limiting Protestant Palatine principality Protestants join ● Sweden & France gained territory: worship & wanted to ● Frederick fled into ● Sweden brought a ● French supported the Sweden got Pomerania, Bremen restore Catholicism exile in the new mobility to Swedes against their & Verden while France got most throughout the empire Netherlands warfare with infantry & rivals, the Habsburgs of Alsace ● Most Bohemians were cavalry employing fire ● Cardinal Richelieu ● Habsburgs don’t lose any land ● English & Dutch Lutheran or & charge tactics – feared Habsburg ● Bohemia lost its independence Calvinist—threw 2 encouraged each unit of the army expansion & wanted to ● Recognized the independence of imperial officials outside a Protestant had both defensive & make France a great the Swiss Confederacy & The Prague palace window in resistance offensive capabilities world power, by Netherlands May 1618 ● King Christian IV ● Gustavus wanted to protecting its interests ● Calvinists gained legal ● Rebels seized control of wanted to extend expand Sweden & got abroad recognition Bohemia & were led by Denmark’s influence French financial aid* ● Religion becomes a ● State religion would still be Frederick V of Palatine, a & invaded Germany ● Gustavus defeated secondary issue determined by the ruler Calvinist prince & head of in 1625 Polish & Habsburg ● The French end ● Huge population decline: 1/3 of the Protestant Union, who ● Emperor Ferdinand troops Spanish military Germans died was made king of II hired Albrecht von ● Gustavus led the greatness ● France emerged with a stronger Bohemia for a year until Wallenstein, a largest army ever ● Germans watched as monarchy, becoming Europe’s being defeated Bohemian noble to under a single French, Swedish & greatest power ● Catholicism & imperial lead his forces command in Europe Spanish soldiers fight ● German disunity would continue authority with Spanish & ● Emperor Ferdinand (175,000 men) but for 13 years for another 200 years Bavarian help from II expelled Calvinist dies at the battle of ● Last of the religious wars Maximilian & the Catholic & Lutheran ministers Lützen, defeated by League restored in Bohemia & Wallenstein Ferdinand as king of forced Catholicism ● Wallenstein plotted Bohemia through the Edict of with Sweden & ● What started as a revolt Restitution (1629) France, was found by Protestant nobles guilty of treason & ● Wallenstein against an unpopular assassinated on the Catholic emperor defeated the Danes emperor’s orders in escalated into an & they withdrew 1634 international war from the war in 1626 *the enemy of my enemy is my friend.