Volume 2, Issue 2 (2014) 379-383 ISSN 2347 - 3258 International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activity, Traditional & Medicinal Uses of Erigeron Species: A Review *, a a a a b Rajesh Kumar Sharma , Nishant Verma , K. K. Jha , Niraj K. Singh , Brijesh Kumar a Department of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, TMU, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India b Department of Pharmaceutics, B. V. College of Pharmacy Faridabad, Haryana, India Article Info Abstract The genus Erigeron is widely distributed in Asia, North America and Europe & Article history: Genus Erigeron mainly grown as ornamental plant in gardens of India. Received 2 March 2014 Different species of Erigeron like Erigeron ramosus, Erigeron annuus, Received in revised form Erigeron linifolius, Erigeron breviscapus Erigeron floribundus, Erigeron 10 April 2014 multiradiatus, Erigeron canadensis posses different activities such as Accepted 20 May 2014 antibacterial, anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory activities etc . Essential oils are Available online 15 June 2014 nearly common to all species, Although other chemical constituents like Keywords flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins are also reported in the genus. Erigeron, Compositae, Antibacterial Activity 1. Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Erigeron is a common group of Compositae plants. Erigeron the use of herbal remedies throughout the world exceeds annuus (L.) Pers. (himejyon in Japanese), is now as that of the conventional drugs by two to three times.27 naturalized weeds, widely distributed throughout urban and Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 75 - 80% of rural areas of Japan.40 The leaves of E. canadensis have been the world population, mainly in the developing countries, reportedly used to prepare a tonic efficient in the treatment for primary health care. 28 This is primarily because of the of diarrhea, diabetes and hemorrhages.41,42 Erigeron general belief that herbal drugs are without any side effects linifolius is widely distributed throughout the tropics. In the besides being cheap and locally available.29 The WHO has Philippines, the leaves are used for the treatment of recently defined traditional medicine (including herbal rheumatism and as prevention for too rapid conception. A drugs) as comprising therapeutic practices that have been in cataplasm of the fresh plant is applied on wounds, existence, often for hundreds of years, before the contusions and dislocations.43Erigeron karvinskianus DC. in development and spread of modern medicine and arestill in Central America was treated broadly by D’Arcy 30 and use today. Traditional medicine is the synthesis of Nash,31 but significant variation has escaped notice in such therapeutic experience of generations of practicing an inclusive view. This species, which probably occurs physicians of indigenous system of medicine. Traditional natively only in Mexico and Central America, and a group preparations comprise medicinal plants, minerals and of lesser known close relatives have been recognized as organic matter etc. Herbal drugs constitute only those Erigeron sect. Karvinskia Nesom,32 one of relatively few traditional medicines which primarily use medicinal plant groups of Erigeron whose evolutionary radiation has been preparations for therapy. The earliest recorded evidence of restricted to Mexico and Central America. Three of the their use in Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Roman and species are endemic to Mexico: E. heteromorphus B.L. Syrian texts dates back to about 5000 years. The classical Rob., E. fluens Nesom, and E. barbarensis Nesom & Van Indian texts include Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Charak Samhita Devender. Erigeron bonariensis (L.) is a common weed and Sushruta Samhita. The herbal medicines / traditional distributed from plains to 1800 m height in North-West medicaments have therefore been derived from rich Frontier Province, Punjab and Balochistan in Pakistan47In traditions of ancient civilizations and scientific heritage.28 india it is found in hills regions of Nainital, although this 2. Drug Profile genus is widely grown in gardens as ornamental plant.13 The genus Erigeron (Compositae) comprises more than 3. Geographical Distribution 200 species in the world, of which 35 are widely distributed in China 34. Some of them have a long history of The genus Erigeron (Compositae) is widely distributed applications in Chinese folk medicine, especially Erigeron in Asia, North America and Europe. There are about 35 annuus (Linn.) Pers. This plant has been used as a species distributed in China, some of which have a long 45 traditional medicine for the treatment of indigestion, history of application in Chinese folk medicine. In India it 13 enteritis, epidemic hepatitis, and hematuria 35. Previously is found in mountainous region of Nainital. investigation revealed that this plant contains Phytochemistry monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, Mathela C.S. et al.,(2014); Studied three triterpenoids, and phenolic derivatives36-39. The genus Himalayan Erigeron species viz Erigeron mucronatus, Erigeron annuus and Erigeron Corresponding Author, karwinskianus growing in sub-alpine region the study E-mail address: [email protected] revealed occurrence of isomeric polyacetylenic constituents All rights reserved: http://www.ijari.org viz., matricaria and lachnophyllum esters which accounted 379 IJARI Volume 2, Issue 2 (2014) 379-383 ISSN 2347 - 3258 International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation for 83.3%, 69.3% and 30.1% of the essential oils from these grows in the alpine and subalpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet species, respectively, in addition to mono- and plateau, has been widely used as a folk remedy by the native sesquiterpenoids as minor constituents.. Essential oils people for treatment of various inflammatory ailments. In contains Monoterpene hydrocarbons(α-Pinene, Sabinene, order to isolate and identify the active components of Myrcene, β-(E)-Ocimene, p-Menthatriene), Sesquiterpene Erigeron multiradiatus for anti-inflammatory activity, a hydrocarbons(Germacrene-D, Isoledene, α-Copaene, β- preliminary phytochemical study and a bioassay-guided Cubebene, etc.), Oxygenated sesquiterpenes(Caryophyllene fractionation and purification process was performed. The oxide, Cubebol, Humulene epoxide II, α-Cadinol, β- dry whole plant Erigeron multiradiatus was extracted with Eudesmol, etc.), Polyacetylenic esters(cis-Lachnophyllum 50% ethanol and then separated into CHCl3, n-BuOH, and ester, trans-2-cis-8-Matricariaester). Antifungal activities of aqueous fractions. The anti-inflammatory activities of each essential oils were also studied. The antifungal activity fraction were investigated using two in vivo inflammation tested by poisoned food (PF) techniques against Fusarium models. n-BuOH fraction showed the strongest anti- oxysporum, Helminthosporium maydis, Rhizoctonia solani, inflammatory activities. The dry whole plant Erigeron Alternaria solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum demonstrated multiradiatus was extracted with 50% ethanol and then significant inhibition of the mycelial growth of all strains (p separated into CHCl3, n-BuOH, and aqueous fractions. The < 0.05). The oils (500 µ/mL) showed significant antifungal anti-inflammatory activities of each fraction were effect against tested fungi in the growth inhibition range of investigated using two in vivo inflammation models. 37.6-85.5% with respective IC50 values ranging from 88.8 Results exhibited varying degrees of anti-inflammatory to 660.0 µmL as compared to standard fungicides (100% activities and the n-BuOH fraction showed the strongest inhibition) with IC50 value in the range of 32.2 -129.4 anti-inflammatory activities. The n-BuOH fractionwas then µ/mL.14 subjected to separation and purification using macroporous Joshi et al., (2011); studied antimicrobial activity of the resins column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 essential oils of Erigeron floribundus. The essential oils of leading to two flavonoids glucuronides identified as Erigeron floribundus was screened against 10 human scutellarein-7-O-β-glucuronide and apigenin-7-O-β- pathogenic bacteria and fungi .The oils was found active glucuronide. Furthermore, LC–MS/MS identification and against Staphylococcus aerous, E.coli, Candida albicans, quantification of isolated compounds were also performed. Aspergillus niger, Sacharomyces cerevaceae and Scutellarein-7-O-β-glucuronide and apigenin-7-O-β- Penicillium chrysogenum with minimum inhibitory glucuronide were considered as major components and concentration of 0.41 ± 0.18, 0.72 ± 0.47, 0.36 ± 0.23, 0.45 principally responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of ± 0.28, 0.57 ± 0.59, 0.88 ± 0.63 mg/ml respectively. Erigeron multiradiatus. 8 Essential oils of Erigeron floribundus was found more lee et al., ( 2006 ); reported antioxidant property of active against tested fungal strains. 7 Erigeron annus & it may be due to the presence of Rahman et al., (2010); reported anti-fungal activity in phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity of extract of methanolic extract of essential oils of Erigeron ramosus. E. annus assesses by means of two different in-vitro tests: The hydro-distilled essential oil was analysed by GC-MS. bleaching of the stable 1, 1-diphynyl-2-picryl hydrazyle Thirty one compounds representing 95.3% of the total oil radical (DPPH test) and scavenging of authentic were identified, of which β-caryophyllene (24.0%), α- peroxynitrite in company with peroxynitrite