Database Compatibility for Oracle® Developer’s Guide EDB Postgres™ Advanced Server 12 March 31, 2021 Database Compatibility for Oracle® Developer’s Guide by EnterpriseDB® Corporation Copyright © 2007 - 2021 EnterpriseDB Corporation. All rights reserved. EnterpriseDB Corporation, 34 Crosby Drive, Suite 201, Bedford, MA 01730, USA T +1 781 357 3390 F +1 978 467 1307 E [email protected] www.enterprisedb.com Database Compatibility for Oracle® Developers Guide Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 What’s New ...................................................................................................................................10 1.2 Typographical Conventions Used in this Guide ............................................................................11 1.3 Configuration Parameters Compatible with Oracle Databases ......................................................11 1.3.1 edb_redwood_date .................................................................................................................13 1.3.2 edb_redwood_raw_names .....................................................................................................13 1.3.3 edb_redwood_strings .............................................................................................................14 1.3.4 edb_stmt_level_tx ..................................................................................................................16 1.3.5 oracle_home...........................................................................................................................17 1.4 About the Examples Used in this Guide ........................................................................................18 2 SQL Tutorial ..........................................................................................................................................19 2.1 Getting Started ...............................................................................................................................19 2.1.1 Sample Database ....................................................................................................................20 2.1.1.1 Sample Database Installation ............................................................................................20 2.1.1.2 Sample Database Description ...........................................................................................20 2.1.2 Creating a New Table ............................................................................................................31 2.1.3 Populating a Table With Rows ..............................................................................................32 2.1.4 Querying a Table ...................................................................................................................33 2.1.5 Joins Between Tables ............................................................................................................35 2.1.6 Aggregate Functions ..............................................................................................................39 2.1.7 Updates ..................................................................................................................................41 2.1.8 Deletions ................................................................................................................................42 2.1.9 The SQL Language ................................................................................................................43 2.2 Advanced Concepts .......................................................................................................................44 2.2.1 Views .....................................................................................................................................44 2.2.2 Foreign Keys..........................................................................................................................46 2.2.3 The ROWNUM Pseudo-Column ...........................................................................................47 2.2.4 Synonyms ..............................................................................................................................49 2.2.5 Hierarchical Queries ..............................................................................................................53 2.2.5.1 Defining the Parent/Child Relationship ............................................................................54 2.2.5.2 Selecting the Root Nodes ..................................................................................................54 2.2.5.3 Organization Tree in the Sample Application ...................................................................54 2.2.5.4 Node Level ........................................................................................................................56 2.2.5.5 Ordering the Siblings ........................................................................................................57 2.2.5.6 Retrieving the Root Node with CONNECT_BY_ROOT .................................................58 2.2.5.7 Retrieving a Path with SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH ......................................................62 2.2.6 Multidimensional Analysis ....................................................................................................64 2.2.6.1 ROLLUP Extension ..........................................................................................................66 2.2.6.2 CUBE Extension ...............................................................................................................69 2.2.6.3 GROUPING SETS Extension ...........................................................................................73 2.2.6.4 GROUPING Function .......................................................................................................79 2.2.6.5 GROUPING_ID Function ................................................................................................82 2.3 Profile Management ......................................................................................................................85 2.3.1 Creating a New Profile ..........................................................................................................86 2.3.1.1 Creating a Password Function...........................................................................................89 2.3.2 Altering a Profile ...................................................................................................................93 2.3.3 Dropping a Profile .................................................................................................................94 2.3.4 Associating a Profile with an Existing Role ..........................................................................95 2.3.5 Unlocking a Locked Account ................................................................................................97 2.3.6 Creating a New Role Associated with a Profile .....................................................................99 2.3.7 Backing up Profile Management Functions .........................................................................101 2.4 Optimizer Hints ...........................................................................................................................102 Copyright © 2007 - 2021 EnterpriseDB Corporation. All rights reserved. 3 Database Compatibility for Oracle® Developers Guide 2.4.1 Default Optimization Modes ...............................................................................................104 2.4.2 Access Method Hints ...........................................................................................................106 2.4.3 Specifying a Join Order .......................................................................................................110 2.4.4 Joining Relations Hints ........................................................................................................111 2.4.5 Global Hints .........................................................................................................................114 2.4.6 Using the APPEND Optimizer Hint ....................................................................................117 2.4.7 Parallelism Hints ..................................................................................................................118 2.4.8 Conflicting Hints .................................................................................................................123 3 Stored Procedure Language .................................................................................................................124 3.1 Basic SPL Elements.....................................................................................................................124 3.1.1 Character Set........................................................................................................................124 3.1.2 Case Sensitivity ...................................................................................................................125 3.1.3 Identifiers .............................................................................................................................125 3.1.4 Qualifiers .............................................................................................................................125