California Cadet Corps Curriculum on Map Reading “Navigation Tools and Activities” LEADERS KNOW THE WAY 5/22/2017 Navigation Tools and Activities Agenda • B1. Using a Compass • B2. Alternative Direction Finding Methods • B3. Pace Count • B4. Moving by Terrain Association • B5. Global Positioning System GPS • B6. Compass Course • B7. Orienteering • B6. How to Design an Orienteering Course for your Unit • B8. Geocaching USING A COMPASS B1. Use a lensatic compass to navigate a course. Lensatic Compass The lensatic compass is the most common and simplest instrument for measuring direction Lensatic Compass Parts of a compass • Thumb Loop • Cover • Sighting Wire • Eyepiece • Sighting Slot • Bezel Ring • Index Line • Compass Dial Thumb Loop Thumb Loop Secures compass in closed position Serves as wire loop to assist in sighting objects Cover Cover Protects face of glass crystal Sighting Wire Sighting Wire Used to sight objects Eyepiece Eyepiece Aids in sighting azimuths Locks compass dial in place Sighting Slot Sighting Slot Used in sighting azimuths Bezel Ring Bezel Ring Used in pre-setting a direction in night compass work. Each click represents three degrees Index Line Index Line Stationary black line used as a reference line Compass Dial Compass Dial Indicates direction in mils and degrees Techniques of use Two techniques are employed when using the lensatic compass • Center hold technique • Compass to cheek technique Center Hold Technique Preferred method Advantages • It is faster and easier to use • It can be used under all conditions of visibility • It can be used over any type of terrain • Accurate to within 11 degrees • It can be used w/o removing eyeglasses Note: If you have a metal belt buckle, use of this technique may induce error in the magnetic needle. Compass to Cheek Technique Advantages • Works only with the Lensatic compass • Accurate to within 3 degrees (much more accurate than Center Hold Technique!) • Used for Intersection and Resection Compass to Cheek Technique Fold the cover of the compass containing the sighting wire to a vertical position; then fold the rear sight slightly forward. Look through the rear-sight slot and align the frontsight hairline with the desired object in the distance. Then glance down at the dial through the eye lens to read the azimuth. 2 1 4 3 Presetting a compass • Hold the compass level in the palm of the hand • Rotate it until the desired azimuth falls under the fixed black index line • Turn the bezel ring until the luminous line is aligned with the north seeking arrow. The compass is now preset • Assume the centerhold technique and turn until the north seeking arrow is aligned with the luminous line. •Proceed in the direction of the sighting wire. Presetting a Compass Bypass an Obstacle (And Stay Oriented) Detour around the obstacle by moving at right angles for specified distances. Example: Moving on an azimuth of 90° change your azimuth to 180° and travel for 100 meters. Change your azimuth back to 90°and travel for 150 meters. Change your azimuth to 360°and travel for 100 meters. Then, change your azimuth to 90°and you are back on your original azimuth line. Offset • A planned magnetic deviation to the right or left of an azimuth to an objective . • Use it when the objective is along a linear feature (road/stream) • Compensates for precision errors and ensures that upon reaching the linear feature, the user knows whether to go right or left to reach the objective. • Ten degrees is an adequate offset for most uses. Each degree offset moves the course about 18m to the right or left for each 1,000m traveled. Note the image should indicate 180m offset, not 100m. ALTERNATIVE DIRECTION FINDING METHODS B2. Demonstrate how to find the four cardinal directions without a compass during cloudless daytime and nighttime hours. Sunrise and Sunset • It depends on latitude, and time of the year • In general: – Face sunrise=East – Face sunset=West Q: It’s July and you’re walking into the setting sun. What’s your course? A: 300° Shadow-Tip Method Step 1: Place stick in ground and mark tip of shadow with stone. Step 2: Wait 10-15 minutes and mark new position of shadow tip. Step 3: Draw a straight line between the 2 marks . Step 4: Stand with the first mark to your left, you are now facing north Watch Method Step 1: Point the hour hand toward the sun Step 2: The south line is mid-way between the hour hand and 1200 (1300 during Daylight Saving Time) North Star •It is not the brightest star •Less than 1 degree off of true north •Use the pointers of the Big Dipper, 5 times the distance •North star is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper PACE COUNT B3. Determine your 100m pace count for flat ground, uphill, and downhill terrain. Pace Count Intro • It’s used to get a rough measurement of how far you’re walking. • A pace count is the number of paces it takes you to walk a certain distance – usually 100 meters. • Everyone’s pace count is unique – you have to measure your own. • Your pace count will change with conditions Pace Count Course • To set up a course, use a measuring tool to measure 100 meters (not yards). • Put a Start Line and a Stop Line that won’t get erased by stepping on it. • The individual walks from the Start to Stop Line, counting every step or every other step Tip: Count only when your left (or right) foot hits the ground. You wont have to count as high! -100 meters- Pace Count Calculation • Don’t talk while you’re pacing, just count! • Don’t take big or little steps. Just take steps that are normal to YOUR pace. • When you reach the Stop point, note the number of paces it took you. • Walk back to the Start Point, counting your paces again. • Average your two counts. Pace Count Variations • Pace changes on different slopes: – Uphill = shorter steps = Higher pace count – Downhill = longer steps = Lower pace count • Pace changes in different conditions: – Vegetation/Rock/Snow/Wet = shorter steps = Higher pace – Dark / Low visibility = shorter steps = Higher pace Conditions Double Paces GOOD MODERATE BAD per 100m FLAT 60 70 80 UPHILL 70 85 100 Slope DOWNHILL 55 65 90 What are your Pace counts? Using Pace Count • To measure distance while walking, start walking on your course and count your paces • Every time you reach your pace count you’ve gone 100 meters. – Make a note, tie a knot in a cord, put a pebble in your pocket, or move the 100m Ranger Bead. • Start your count over and keep repeating until at your destination or at your total pace count Pace Count Example 1 • Task: You have to walk 1.2 km west on a flat road • Background: Your flat pace count on easy terrain is 60 paces (every other foot) and you’re using pebbles to keep track. • Action – Place 12 pebbles in your right pocket, and start walking west. – Count every right foot strike. – When you get to “60”, move a pebble to your left pocket and start your count over at “1” and keep moving pebbles every time you count to “60”. – When you move all 12 pebbles to your left pocket you’ve arrived at your destination Pace Count Example 2 • Task: Your squad leader tells you to go recon the path you’re on 800 meters ahead and wait there for the squad to catch up. It’s a fairly steep uphill hike and it’s foggy. • Background: Your uphill pace count in moderate conditions is 85 paces (every other foot) and you have a string in your pocket to tie knots in to keep track. • Action – Start walking on the path – Count every right foot strike. – When you get to “85”, tie a knot in the string and start your count over at “1” and keep tying knots every time you count to “60”. – When you have 8 knots in your string you’ve arrived at your destination. Pace Count Example 3 • Task: You are the Navigator for your adventure race team and you have to go 7.5km on a course of 172° over easy terrain. There are a series of uphills and downhills to traverse. • Background: Your easy pace counts are uphill:70, downhill: 55, flat:60. You’re using ranger beads to keep track. • Action – Start walking 172° and count every right foot strike. – If the next 100m is mostly • Flat: Then use a pace count of 60 to move a 100-m bead • Uphill: Then use a pace count of 70 to move a 100-m bead • Downhill: Then use a pace count of 55 to move a 100-m bead – After every 10 100-m beads, move a 1-km bead – When you’ve moved 7 1-km beads and 5 100-m beads you’ve arrived Check on Learning Calculate your Pace Count for as many of the conditions in this table as possible. Estimate the rest. Double Paces GOOD MODERATE BAD per 100m FLAT UPHILL DOWNHILL What are your Pace counts? MOVING BY TERRAIN ASSOCIATION B4. Given a map only, describe or demonstrate, how you would move from one point to another using terrain association. Why Move by Terrain Association • More forgiving of mistakes • Far less time-consuming than dead reckoning • It may be the only option if you do not have a compass – Or if you are off track (lost pace count or off course) • Errors made using terrain association are easily corrected • You can easily make adjustments based upon what you encounter.