Sociologiska institutionen Lunds universitet Rebooting The Family An Analysis of Members’ Feelings about Organizational Change in a New Religious Movement Author: Sanja Nilsson Master’s paper: SOCM11, 15 hp Internet HT 2010 Tutor: Birgitta Ericson Abstract Author: Sanja Nilsson Title: Rebooting the Family: An Analysis of Members’ Feelings about Organizational Change in a New Religious Movement Master’s paper SOCM11 15 hp Internet Tutor: Birgitta Ericsson Problem/Background: The Family International is a Christian new religious movement founded in 1968. The movement has a history of frequent organizational changes, partly due to its theologically founded belief in continuous prophecy. The latest organizational change, the Reboot, was implemented in September 2010. Purpose: This paper aims to introduce the Reboot and show how changes in social boundaries are perceived by members of The Family International. This will be achieved by case studies of material derived from text documents, questionnaires and in-depth interviews analyzed through William Paden’s phenomenological theory of religious worlds and systems of purity. Conclusion: Most members seem content with the changes. The Family has been a movement with very strict social boundaries. The loosening of them now seem at once to be motivated by the interaction with secular worlds in the form of secular institutions and the second generations demand for less tension with society at large. Key words: new religious movement, The Family International, The Reboot, religious world, system of purity, organizational change Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem discussion ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Purpose of the study ........................................................................................... 2 1.4 Outline ................................................................................................................ 3 2 Theoretical frame of reference .............................................................................. 4 2.1 William E. Paden’s phenomenological theory of religious worlds .................... 4 2.1.1 Motive for using Paden’s theory ................................................................ 4 2.1.2 Religious worlds ......................................................................................... 5 2.1.3 Dealing with crisis in a religious world ..................................................... 6 2.1.4 Systems of purity ........................................................................................ 7 2.2 Earlier research on New Religious Movements ................................................. 8 2.2.1 The emergence of a research field .............................................................. 8 2.2.2 Classification models ................................................................................. 9 2.2.3 The influence of the anti-cult movement ................................................. 10 2.2.4 The Future of New Religions ................................................................... 10 3 Method ................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Case study: A qualitative approach .................................................................. 12 3.2 Data collection method ..................................................................................... 12 3.2.1 Documents ................................................................................................ 12 3.2.2 Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 13 3.2.3 Qualitative interviews .............................................................................. 13 3.2.4 Selection ................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Data analysis procedure ................................................................................... 14 3.3.1 Criticism of method triangulation ............................................................ 15 4 The Family International ..................................................................................... 16 4.1 A historical background ................................................................................... 16 4.1.1 1968−1975 The early years-forming the Children of God ....................... 16 4.1.2 1975−1978 The New Revolution-Introducing the Shepherds.................. 17 4.1.3 1978−1981 From the Children of God to the Family of Love ................. 17 4.1.4 1981-1987 Dealing with the second generation ....................................... 18 4.1.5 1987 The separation of members ............................................................. 18 4.1.6 1988-1994 The death of the charismatic leader and the persecutions ...... 19 4.1.7 1995-2000 Introducing the Love Charter-straightening up the Family 19 4.1.8 2000-2003 The Shake-Up 2000; last effort to get rid of free-riders ........ 20 4.1.9 2001-2007 The board structure and expanded levels of membership ...... 20 4.1.10 2008-2010 The change journey; towards the Reboot ............................... 21 5 Empirical Findings and Analysis......................................................................... 22 5.1.1 Membership, status and tithing ................................................................ 22 5.1.2 Secular education and secular employment ............................................. 24 5.1.3 Lifestyle, culture, terminology and non-members ................................... 26 6 Conclusions and suggestions for further research ............................................. 30 6.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 30 6.2 Further research ................................................................................................ 32 7 Sources ................................................................................................................... 33 8 Appendix ................................................................................................................ 38 8.1.1 Documents contained in The Reboot Package ......................................... 38 8.1.2 Results of questionnaire ........................................................................... 39 8.1.3 Request for participation in study ............................................................ 40 8.1.4 Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 40 1 Introduction 1.1 Background As a student of both sociology and comparative religion, I have taken a great interest in new religious movements1 and alternative spirituality. In 2009 I wrote my bachelors paper in sociology on the socialization of children in ISKCON2 and in 2010 my Bachelor’s paper in comparative religion concerning the influence of anti-cult movements3 on Sweden’s response to new religious movements. As I hope to be able to carry out extensive research on new religions in the future, I try to keep up with news in this particular research field. In November 2009 I attended an INFORM4 seminar dealing with the topic of prophecy within new religious movements. Among the participants of this seminar were some members of The Family International5 with whom I had talked on some earlier occasions as they had helped me find information on the movement for an essay on children’s music within the group I had written during my undergraduate studies. Since they knew I took an interest in the group they had made it a routine to briefly update me on the group’s activities when we met at these seminars. This time they gave me two copies of talks their religious leaders had given at another conference addressing changes within the movement. They offered to send me more information if I was interested, which I gratefully accepted. When the paper arrived I read it through but, as I was deeply involved in another study at that time, I put it in a drawer to reread on another occasion. As part of keeping up with and learning more about various movements I often visit the websites of different movements as well as some ex-members forums. In May 2010 I was made aware via such a forum that major changes were taking 1 I will use the term new religious movement (NRM) in an effort to avoid the negative connotations of the words sect or cult. For a discussion on the concept of new religious movements see Frisk (1998). 2 International Society for Krishna Consciousness: www.iskcon.org (accessed 12/3/2010). 3 Anti-cult movement is a term used to describe organizations of former members and families of members of new religious movements who are generally negative toward the movement. For a discussion on anti-cult movements see Shupe and Bromley (1994). 4 INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements) http://www.inform.ac/ (accessed 12/3/2010). 5 Former Children of God: http://www.thefamily.org/en/ (accessed 12/3/2010). 1 place in the group.6 I opened the drawer and reread the paper I had been sent, realizing that the transformations taking place at the very moment I was reading might well alter the whole organization