TABLE OF CONTENTS . ABSTRACT Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Public Diplomacy ...................................................................................................................... 1 Significance of the Study....................................................................................................... 4 Purpose of the Study .............................................................................................................. 4 Problems of the Study ........................................................................................................... 5 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................. 6 Uses and Gratifications Theory ............................................................................................. 6 Uses and Gratifications and Public Diplomacy ..................................................................... 8 Agenda Setting Theory .......................................................................................................... 9 Agenda Setting and Public Diplomacy ................................................................................ 10 Cultivation Theory .............................................................................................................. 10 Cultivation Theory and Public Diplomacy .......................................................................... 11 Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 12 US History of Public Diplomacy ......................................................................................... 12 US Usage of International Broadcasting ............................................................................. 13 The Role of US Cultural Exchanges ................................................................................... 15 Making Real Bridges among Nations .................................................................................. 18 Selling Ideas ........................................................................................................................ 18 Media "The Creator of Ideologies" ..................................................................................... 18 The United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 18 BBC Arabic ......................................................................................................................... 20 Germany (The Past and The Present) .................................................................................. 22 Adolf Hitler and Propaganda ............................................................................................... 22 Germany & Media ............................................................................................................... 22 International German Broadcasting (Deutsche-Welle-TV) ................................................. 23 Deutsche-Welle (DW Arabic) ............................................................................................. 23 France ...................................................................................................................................... 25 France 24 ............................................................................................................................. 27 Italy .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Turkey ..................................................................................................................................... 30 TRT (Arabic) ....................................................................................................................... 31 The Islamic Republic of Iran ................................................................................................... 32 Press TV (English) .................................................................................................................. 32 Al'Alam (The World) .............................................................................................................. 33 China ....................................................................................................................................... 35 China Central Television (CCTV Arabic) ............................................................................... 36 Korea ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Arirang TV .............................................................................................................................. 37 Russia ...................................................................................................................................... 37 Rusyia El Youm (Russia Today) ............................................................................................. 38 The Historical Development of Satellite Television in the Arab World ................................. 40 The Arab Media System ...................................................................................................... 40 The United Arab of Emirates .................................................................................................. 42 Dubai One................................................................................................................................ 43 Qatar ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Qatar 1(Arabic) .................................................................................................................... 45 Qatar 2 ................................................................................................................................. 45 Al-Jazeerah .......................................................................................................................... 46 Al-Jazeera (English) AJE ........................................................................................................ 47 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ........................................................................................................ 48 International Broadcasting....................................................................................................... 48 KSA 1 .................................................................................................................................. 49 KSA 2 (English) .................................................................................................................. 49 Al-Ikhbaryia ........................................................................................................................ 51 Syria Satellite Channel ........................................................................................................ 52 Palestine................................................................................................................................... 54 Jordan ...................................................................................................................................... 57 Kuwait ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Egypt ....................................................................................................................................... 60 Nile International Channel ...................................................................................................... 61 The Egyptian Satellite Channel (AlMisreya) .......................................................................... 62 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 63 Qualitative Research ............................................................................................................ 63 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 63 Intensive Interviews ............................................................................................................ 64 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 64 Sample ................................................................................................................................ 64 List of Experts ......................................................................................................................... 65 Nile International ..................................................................................................................... 66 The English Section ................................................................................................................. 66 The French Section .................................................................................................................. 67 The Hebrew Section ...............................................................................................................