Studying Routing Issues in VANETs by Using NS-3 Bachelor Thesis on Informatics by Christos Profentzas Thesis supervisor Dr. Periklis Chatzimisios Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Department of Informatics A.T.E.I. of Thessaloniki P.O. Box 141 GR -547 00 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece November 2012 i Acknowledgements This research project would not have been possible without the sup- port of many people. The author wishes to express his gratitude to his supervisor, Assistant Professor Periklis Chatzimisios (Alexan- der TEI of Thessaloniki, Greece) and Assistant Professor Gennaro Boggia (Politecnico di Bari, Italy) who was abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance. Deepest grati- tude are also due to the members of the supervisory committee, Assis- tant Professor Luigi Alfredo Grieco and Ph.D Student Giuseppe Piro without whose knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful. Special thanks also to all group members of Telematics Lab at the Electrical & Electronics Engineering Depart- ment of Politecnico di Bari, for sharing the literature, invaluable assis- tance and laboratory facilities. The author would also like to convey thanks to the Office of Erasmus Program and Faculty of Alexander Technological Educational Institution of Thessaloniki for providing the financial means. Abstract A Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a system of nodes (vehi- cles) that are being connected with each other by wireless technolo- gies. Usually the nodes are moving with very high speeds and, thus, the topology is unpredictable and frequently changing. Such networks can be stand alone and making paths along vehicles or may be con- nected by an infrastructure internet. System characteristics such as multi-hop paths, node mobility, large network size combined with de- vice heterogeneity, bandwidth and unlimited battery power make the design of routing protocols a major challenging. At the last year many routing protocols have been proposed for VANETs. The most of them has been implemented using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) that is going to replace NS-2 has not employed so far for implementing any routing protocol protocols for VANETs. The available routing protocols are Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) that have been proposed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). In this thesis, we implement and study the performance of a Position-Based Routing (PBR) protocol for VANETs by employ- ing NS-3 simulator and we finally compare its performance against AODV and OLSR routing protocols. Contents Contents iii List of Figures vii Listings ix Introduction x 1 Introduction to VANETs 1 1.1 VANETs in General ......................... 1 1.2 Types of communication in VANETs ................ 2 1.2.1 V2V .............................. 3 1.2.2 V2I .............................. 4 1.2.3 Hybrid architecture ...................... 4 1.3 Standards for VANETs ........................ 5 1.3.1 Physical layer ......................... 7 1.3.2 MAC layer ........................... 9 1.3.2.1 Problems ...................... 9 1.3.2.2 MAC protocols ................... 11 1.3.3 LLC .............................. 13 1.3.4 Network and Transport layer ................. 14 1.3.4.1 IPv6 ......................... 15 1.3.4.2 WSMP ....................... 16 1.3.5 Applications .......................... 16 1.4 Routing Protocols ........................... 18 1.4.1 Topology-based Ad-hoc Routing Protocols ......... 18 1.4.1.1 AODV ........................ 19 1.4.1.2 OLSR ........................ 19 1.4.1.3 DSDV ........................ 19 1.4.1.4 DSR ......................... 20 iii CONTENTS 1.4.1.5 TORA ........................ 20 1.4.1.6 FSR ......................... 20 1.4.1.7 ZRP ......................... 20 1.4.2 Broadcast Routing Protocols ................. 21 1.4.2.1 SRB ......................... 21 1.4.2.2 DVCAST ...................... 21 1.4.2.3 PBSM ........................ 22 1.4.2.4 EAEP ........................ 22 1.4.3 Cluster-based Routing Protocols ............... 22 1.4.3.1 CBLR ........................ 23 1.4.3.2 CBDRP ....................... 23 1.4.3.3 EDCBRP ...................... 23 1.4.4 Position-based Routing Protocols .............. 23 1.4.4.1 GPSR ........................ 25 1.4.4.2 AMAR ....................... 25 1.4.4.3 GYTAR ....................... 25 1.4.4.4 DREAM ....................... 25 1.4.4.5 LABAR ....................... 26 1.4.4.6 ROVER ....................... 26 1.4.5 Infrastructure-based Routing Protocols ........... 26 1.4.5.1 RAR ......................... 27 1.4.6 Final Comparison ....................... 27 2 NS-3 Simulator 30 2.1 About NS-3 .............................. 30 2.2 Release Process ............................ 31 2.3 Architecture of NS-3 ......................... 33 2.4 The difference between NS-2 and NS-3 ............... 35 2.5 Installation .............................. 36 2.6 Set-up NS-3 .............................. 38 2.7 Writing Scripts ............................ 39 2.8 Running Scripts ............................ 40 2.9 Documentation ............................ 41 iv CONTENTS 2.10 Tools .................................. 41 2.11 Mailing-list and Community ..................... 42 3 Simulation Tools 43 3.1 Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) ............... 43 3.1.1 About SUMO ......................... 43 3.1.2 Simulation in SUMO ..................... 44 3.1.2.1 Highway Topology for VANET Simulations ... 44 3.1.2.2 Create Scenario in SUMO ............. 45 3.2 MOVE ................................. 56 3.2.1 About MOVE ......................... 56 3.2.2 Create Scenario for NS3 ................... 57 4 Routing Protocols in NS3 58 4.1 VANET Simulations in NS-3 ..................... 58 4.2 AODV Routing Protocol ...................... 59 4.2.1 AODV Routing ........................ 59 4.2.2 AODV Routing Overview .................. 59 4.2.3 AODV Helper ......................... 61 4.3 OLSR Routing Protocol ...................... 64 4.3.1 OLSR Routing ........................ 64 4.3.2 OLSR Routing Overview ................... 64 4.3.3 OLSR Helper ......................... 65 4.4 DSDV ................................ 67 4.4.1 DSDV Routing ........................ 67 4.4.2 DSDV Routing Overview ................... 67 4.4.3 DSDV Helper ......................... 69 4.5 DSR .................................. 70 4.5.1 DSR Routing ......................... 70 4.5.2 DSR Routing Overview .................... 70 4.5.3 DSR Helper .......................... 72 4.6 E-GPSR ................................ 73 4.6.1 Theoretical Description of Protocol ............. 73 v CONTENTS 4.6.2 Implementation ........................ 76 4.6.3 Configuration ......................... 80 5 Performance Evaluation 82 5.1 Transmission Range ......................... 82 5.1.1 MAC and PHY Configuration ................ 82 5.1.2 Simulation Details ...................... 83 5.1.3 Simulation Results ...................... 83 5.1.4 NS-3 Code ........................... 85 5.2 Static-grid Simulation Scenario ................... 88 5.2.1 Simulation Details ...................... 88 5.2.2 Simulation Results ...................... 89 5.2.3 NS-3 Code ........................... 90 5.3 Dynamic Mobility Simulation Scenario ............... 92 5.3.1 Simulation Details ...................... 92 5.3.2 Simulation Results ...................... 93 5.3.3 NS-3 Code ........................... 94 5.4 Realistic with SUMO Simulation Scenario ............. 96 5.4.1 Simulation Details ...................... 96 5.4.2 Simulation Results ...................... 97 5.4.3 NS-3 Code ........................... 98 6 Conclusion & Future Work 100 Appendix A 102 Appendix B 105 Appendix C 113 Glossary 116 References 118 vi List of Figures 1.1 Types of Communication in VANETs ................ 2 1.2 Channels in 75 MHz Frequency Band ................ 5 1.3 WAVE Protocol Stack ........................ 6 1.4 PHY Layer in IEEE 802.11 ...................... 7 1.5 MAC Layer .............................. 9 1.6 Transmission Collision Problem ................... 10 1.7 Hidden Node Problem ........................ 10 1.8 Exposed Node Problem ........................ 10 1.9 RTS - CTS .............................. 11 1.10 CSMA Mechanism .......................... 12 1.11 DCF Mechanism ........................... 13 2.1 NS-3 Release Process ........................ 31 2.2 NS-3 Architecture ........................... 34 3.1 High-way Topology .......................... 45 3.2 SUMO XML-Files ........................... 46 3.3 SUMO-GUI .............................. 51 3.4 SUMO Simulation Process ...................... 54 3.5 SUMO-GUI Running Simulation ................... 56 4.1 AODV Hierarchy Diagram ..................... 59 4.2 AODV Helper Diagram ....................... 61 4.3 OLSR Hierarchy Diagram ...................... 65 4.4 OLSR Helper Diagram ........................ 67 4.5 DSDV Hierarchy Diagram ...................... 68 4.6 DSDV Helper Collaboration Diagram ............... 70 4.7 PLR with Different Weights for Neighbours ............ 75 4.8 Topology in Simulation about Different Weights .......... 76 4.9 Position-Based UML Diagram .................... 78 vii LIST OF FIGURES 4.10 Routing Path ............................. 80 5.1 PLR with Different Modulation Schemes .............. 84 5.2 PLR with Different wifi Manager Algorithms ............ 85 5.3 Grid Topology ............................