INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)) MEMORIAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF 'THE REPUBLIC OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 15 April 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................1 CHAPTER 1.1 THE LEGAL ISSUES AT STAKE ARE OF TRANSCENDENT IMPORTANCE ...............................1 CHAPTEX 1.2 SHARPENING THE FOCUS ......................4 CHAPTER 1.3 THE WRONGS ALLEGED .......................6 CHAPTER 1.4 PLANOFMEMORIAL ..........................9 PART 2 THE FACTS ..............................il CHAPTER 2.1 INTRODLTCTION .............................11 CHAPTER 2.2 THE ACTS WHICH SHOCK THE CONSCIENCE OF MANKIND .................................17 Section 2.2.1 Concentration camps ...........................17 (a) Prjedor .(Omarska .Northem Bosnia) .............. 22 (b) Prijedor (Keratenn .Northem Bosnia) .............. 25 (c) Brcko (Zuka .Northeastern Bosnia) ................27 Section 2.2.2 Killing ....................................30 Section 2.2.3 Torture ....................................37 Section 2.2.4 Rape .....................................42 Section 2.2.5 Expelling of people and destruction of property .......... 48 Section 2.2.6 The creation of destructive living conditions ............ 54 CHAPTER 2.3 THE CONTEXT OF THE ACTS ...................59 Section 2.3.1 The Ideology of Greater Serbia ....................59 Section 2.3.2 War in Slovenia and Croatia ...................... 62 Section 2.3.3 The Yugoslav People's Army ......................64 Section 2.3.4 RAM .....................................66 Section 2.3.5 The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina ................. 71 Section 2.3.6 JNA's continued presence in the Republic of Bosnia and Henegovina .................................77 Section 2.3.7 Yugoslavia's continuing involvement ................. 81 Section 2.3.8 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)'~public confimations of its involvement .................................85 Section 2.3.9 Conclusion .................................94 PART 3 AUTHORITATIVE IN'IERNATIONAL ORGANS CONFIRM THE EXISTENCE OF A CAMPAIGN OF GENOCIDE UNDERTAKEN BY THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA (SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO) ...........................95 THE LEGAL RELEVANCE OF THE PRONOUNCEMENTS OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANS .....................95 CHAPTER 3.2 THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL ........ 97 CHAPTER 3.3 CONFIRMATION BY OTHER AUTHORITATWE ORGANS THAT THE ACTS COMMlTTED AMOUNT TO GENOCIDE 110 Section 3.3.1 The Genocide Convention is phafacie applicable ....... 110 Section 3.3.2 The United Nations General Assembly ............... 111 Section 3.3.3 The UN Commission on Human Rights and its Sub-Commission ............................. 116 Section 3.3.4 The Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Former Yugoslavia ................................. 119 Section 3.3.5 The United Nations Commission of Experts ........... 121 Section 3.3.6 The Vie~aWorld Conference on Human Rights ........ 123 Section 3.3.7 The Committee on Human Rights .................. 124 Section 3.3.8 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination . 125 CHAPTER 3.4 INTERIM CONCLUSION ...................... 125 PART 4 JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBIL~. 129 CHAFTER 4.1 INTRODUCTION . 129 CHAPTER 4.2 JURISDICTION OF THE COURT . 133 Section 4.2.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina is bound by the Genocide Convention 134 The internutional status of Bosnia and Henegovina . 134 a. The alle,ged absence of statehood of Bosnia and Henegovina 134 b. The alleged "illegitirnacy" of the Govenunent of Bosnia and Henegovina . 137 Bosnia and Henegovina has succeeded the S. F.R. Y. to the Genocide Convention: . 142 Bosnia and Henegovina is a successor State . 142 Bosnia and Henegovina is a Party to the Genocide Convention 146 Section 4.2.2 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) is bound by the Genocide Convention . 154 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) has accepted the Court's jurisdictior~on the basis of Article IX of the Genocide Conventi . 154 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) has succeeded the S. F. R. Y. to the Genocîde Convem'on . 159 Yugoslavia: (Serbia and Montenegro) is a successor State to the former S.F.R.Y. 160 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) is a party to the Genocide Convention . 163 Yugoslaviw (Serbia and Montenegro) is bound by the Genocide Convention as a successor to the former S. F. R. Y. 163 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) would also be bound by the Genocide Convention vit were considered as a "continuator" of the f0rmerS.F.R.Y. 166 Section 4.2.3 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)'~status with regard to the Court's Statute .............................. 168 Membership to the Statute is rwt relevant in respect of Article IX of the Genocide Convention ........................ 169 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) is. in any event. a Party to the Court's Statute .............................. 170 Section 4.2.4 The scope of the jurisdiction of the Court ratione mQteriue . 176 CRAIYI'ER 4.3 ADMISSIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION ........... 183 Section 4.3.1 Irrelevance of the activities of other U.N. organs in respect of the present case ................................ 184 Section 4.3.2 The alieged llinternalllcharacter of the dispute ......... 186 CHAPTER 4.4 CONCLUSIONS ............................. 188 PART 5 THE ACTS PERPETRATED CONSTITUTE GENOCIDE AND ITS COROLLARIES ........ 191 CHAPTER 5.1 THE CONVENTION'S ANTECEDENTS AND SPIRIT .... 191 Section 5.1.1 An offence jus gentium ......................... 191 Section 5.1.2 Purposes and principles of the Genocide Convention ...... 193 CHAPTER 5.2 THE CONVENTION'S COVERAGE ............... 195 Section 5.2.1 What the 1948 Convention prohibits (Offences) ......... 195 Section 5.2.2 Who the drafters intended to make responsible ......... 200 Section 5.2.3 What responsibility the Convention imposes on State Parties 204 CHAPTER 5.3 EVIDENCE AND INFERENCE: MODES OF PROOF UNDER THE CONVENTION ..........................208 Section 5.3.1 The facts and the Law ......................... 208 Section 5.3.2 Civil or criminal action? ........................ 209 Section 5.3.3 Onus of proof and inferences in civil actions ........... 213 Section 5.3.4 The requisite standard: I1to destroy in whole or in part" ... 218 Section 5.3.5 What is meant in Article II by llintent"? ............. 222 CHAPTER 5.4 PROHIBITED ACTS OTHER THAN GENOCIDE ...... 231 Section 5.4.1 Conspiracy ................................ 231 Section 5.4.2 Incitement ................................. 232 Section 5.4.3 Attempt ...................................233 Section 5.4.4 Complicity ................................. 233 CHAPTER 5.5 PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEFINITION AND PROHIBI'ïION OF GENOCIDE .................. 235 Section 5.5.1 Developments prior to the Convention's coming into force . 235 Section 5.5.2 Further definition: I.L.C. draft articles on state responsibility 236 Section 5.5.3 Further definition: Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity ................................. 237 Section 5.5.4 Further definition: I.L.C. Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of Mankind ................... 238 Section 5.5.5 Further definition: I.L.C. Draft Statute of an International Criminal Tribunal ............................ 239 Section 5.5.6 Further definition: the Yugoslav War Crimes Tribunal .... 240 PART 6 THE GENOCIDE AND ITS COROLLARlES ARE ATïRlBUTABLE TO YUGOSLAVIA (SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO) .......................... 243 CHAPTER 6.1 INTRODIJCTION ............................ 243 CHAPTER 6.2 THE ORGANS OF YUWSLAVIA (SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO) HAVE PARTICIPATED DIRECTLY IN THE ACTS OF' GENOCIDE ........................ 246 Section 6.2.1 Reminder of the relevant facts .................... 246 Before May 1992 ............................. 247 Acfer May 1992 .............................. 248 Section 6.2.2 Recognition of these facts by the international cornmunity . 250 Within the United Nations ........................ 251 Outside the United Nations ....................... 254 Section 6.2.3 Legal consequences ...........................256 CHAPTER 6.3 THE AGENTS. SURROGATES AND OTHER PERSONS ACTING ON BEHALF OF YUGOSLAVIA HAVE PARTICIPATED IN THE GENOCIDE .............. 258 Section 6.3.1 The applicable law ........................... 259 Section 6.3.2 Reminder of the relevant facts .................... 260 The conduct of the so-called "Srpska Republika" entails Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 's responsibility .............. 263 Section 6.3.3 Legal consequences ........................... 265 CH- 6.4 YUGOSLAVIA (SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO) HAS AIDED AND ABETTED GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS IN THE ACTS OFGENOCIDE ............................. 268 Section 6.4.1 The applicable law ........................... 270 Section 6.4.2 Reminder of the relevant facts .................... 273 Section 6.4.3 Recognition of these facts by the international community . 276 Section 6.4.4 Recognition of these facts by Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) itself ....................................279 Section 6.4.5 Legal consequences ........................... 282 CHAPTER 6.5 YUGOSLAVIA (SERBIA AND MONTENEGR0)'S FAILURE TO PREVENT AND PUNISH GENOCIDE ........... 283 Section 6.5.1 The applicable law ........................... 283 Section 6.5.2 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)'~failure to act (Le. to prevent and to punish) ......................... 284 CHAPTER