INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Freshwater and Culture Water Resources Management and Culture Padiglione KIP International School - EXPO Milano 2015 October 6 - 7 2015 MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM Chiara Biscarini Marmore Falls The Marmore Falls are located in the central part of Italy in the Bassa Valnerina valley which follows on from the upper area along the Nera river course. With its three - jump drop of 165 m (about 541 feet), it is the highest waterfall in Europe. It is important to note that the falls are not the work of nature, but they were built in 271 BC by the Roman Consul Curius Dentatus The Cascata delle Marmore with its three - jump drop of 165 m (about 541 feet), it is the highest waterfall in Europe. n The water goes from the Rieti plain, o i which elevation varies from (at the t a summit of the Cascata ) to 370 m , c to the Nera valley, at 200 m above o L sea level. e t i S Science Fluid dynamic Fluid laboratory Hydraulic Industry Power Social impact Social Natural Resources Resources Natural Tourism Geology History History Literature Painting Human Connection HISTORY MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM The Velino often over flew and formed great swampy areas within 271 B.C. the Rieti plains the falls are not the work of nature , but they were built in 271 BC by the Roman Consul Curius Dentatus who ordered the construction of a canal (the Curiano Trench) to divert the stagnant waters into the natural cliff at Marmore The result was these artificial falls that directed the waters of the River Velino into the River Nera . Hydraulic works have been made in the Cascate delle Marmore for the following 2000 years, with the aim of limiting the frequent floods in the Velino Valley, reducing swamps, reclaiming lands for agriculture and containing epidemics . Map of the XVII century where it is evident the “ comb ” of the caves between the Piediluco Lake and the Marmore falls . ROMAN CLASSIC AGE • The Rieti plains still flooded; when water was high, the Nera river now flooded the Terni valley too • A long period of dispute began between the inhabitants of T erni and R ieti : the former wanted the canal closed, the latter wanted the flow of the falls increased 54 B.C. • The issue between the two cities was so contentious that the Roman Senate was forced to address it • Cicero represented Rieti and Aulo Pompeius represented Terni • The matter wasn’t settled and things remained the same for centuries Only 1787 the architect's project Andrea Vinci gives actual aspect to the Fall, project approved by Pope Pious VI to realize You a diagonal cut around second leap. In 1861 it begins the industrial future of Terni, from this moment in then the Fall it is not tool of reclamation of the territory or regulation of the water system anymore, but they start him to appraise the energetic possibilities. XVII sec. Piediluco 1930 GEOLOGY MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM caves The area around the falls is formed by travertine deposits that go from the village of Marmore to the Valnerina Valley with a 150 mt. difference in height . Travertine is a subsided calcareous rock due to chemical precipitation of the carbonate - rich waters flowing over the cliff top and dropping into the Nera River below HYDRAULICS MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM Open part of the pipe draining the water to the Galleto power plant Area of the ancient Velino Lake Islands of the Velino Lake Present lakes Present rivers The Piediluco Lake acts as water reservoir for the hydroelectric power plant - 3,300,000 m 3 The Marmore fall is the Velino river falling into the Nera river Ancient vs present hydraulic system MARMORE WATERFALLS: H ydrualic system Hand - made map of the hydraulic system of the Valnerina valley The artificial canal draining the waters towards the Marmore Falls. FLUID DYNAMICS MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM most spectacular public hydraulic works in the world This contributes to make it as a perfect test case for the detailed simulation of a three - dimensional free - surface flow. The computational domain comprises part of the artificial canal and the 3 - jump drop of 165 m MARMORE FALL CANAL At the inflow boundary a fixed velocity has been imposed correspondant to the nominal flow rate of 30 m 3 / s , at the outflow a zero - gradient free streem condition has been se t, and on the upper face of the domain an atmospheric pressure has been imposed . Then an unsteady simulation has been performed starting from initial conditions of air phase everywhere other than the upper volume ( near the inflow ) n o i t i d n o C y r a d n u o B The Marmore fall has been simulated with a three - dimensional finite volume CFD code with the Volume of Fluid or Volume Fraction (VOF) method. A triangular (TIN) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) has been generated starting from the plotting points . Survey of the river bed in the Marmore Waterfall has been performed with non - conventional photogrammetry MARMORE WATER FALLS: 3D MODEL The artificial canal has been computationally reconstructed by means of data available in three sections (C5, C6 and C7). Sec A - A 378 376 374 C6 372 370 368 366 364 362 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 Flow rate: 15, 30 m 3 /s Velocity ~ 3, 6 m/s A A Grid infrastructure 1 CPU: 1 day to simulate 1 simulate sec! to CPU: 1 1 day time/Calculation Real time: of CPU:Number 25 ~ 10 3 Navier Stokes Hybrid mesh Number of Nodes: 230603 Number of Hexahedral elements: 83824 Number of Prismatic elements: 246935 Computational mesh of the canal before the fall Results - Velocity magnitude (m/s), streamlines and phase separation Numerical result Real environment Merge Real Merge Real Merge Real Merge Real Merge Real Merge INDUSTRIALIZATION MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM hydro - electric plants were implemented in the first half of the XX century to exploit the waters of the Cascata delle Marmore Nowadays, the water in the canals above the falls is most of the time diverted to a hydroelectric power plant, the Galleto Monte S . Angelo power plant, built in 1929 , with a capacity of about 210 MW . Piediluco Lake, above the falls, is used as a reservoir for the power plant . The hydroelectric centre at Galleto controls a system of sluice gates , which regulate the water flow rate subdivision between the Cascata delle Marmore and the energy - production cycle . Galleto Monte S. Angelo power plant – built in 1929 industrial archeology Galleto Monte S. Angelo power plant. Main building In 1929 it was the largest in Europe Galleto Monte S. Angelo power plant construction phase The first turbine started producing electricity in 1928 Power plants distribution and hydraulic system in the Valnerina valley Galleto Monte S. Angelo power plant – The peak power is 210 MW el Water dam upstream the power plant Water basin downstream the turbines TURISM MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM MARMORE SPORT - TOURISTIC ROUTES The falls are also a sports centre for kayak, rafting and other water sports Climbing & cave exploring are largely practised MARMORE EDO - TOURISTIC ROUTES A visit to the power plants represents a further opportunity for educational tourism Unesco Chair «Water Resources Management and Culture» Inaugural Meeting 11 MARZO 2014 University for Foreigners Perugia - Palazzo Gallenga Sala Goldoniana PAINTING LITERATURE MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM UNESCO and WATER SCIENTIFIC MEETING SERIES SM S 3 jointly organized by THE MARMORE WATERFALL BETWEEN HISTORY AND LEGEND • Mythology attributes the origin of the Marmore Waterfalls to the unlucky love story between the nymph Nerina and the shepherd Velino • Since he couldn't have his sweetheart, transformed into a river by Juno who was against their love, Velino threw himself over the cliff to be for ever united with his beloved • He was transformed into water by Venus: that mortal jump would continue for eternity It was praised by ancient Romans : Cicero, Pliny and Virgil , in the VII Book of “ Aeneid ” Even Dante Alighieri , in his 20th cantos of Paradise , describes the abundant waters of the falls During the 18th and 19th centuries it became a fundamental stop in the Grand Tour , a journey of instruction undertaken by young aristocrats George Byron in his 4th canto of “ Child Harold Pilgrimage ” defined it “horribly beautiful incomparable cataract” Oil painting – unknown artist (1678) Painting F. Towne at the British musem (1780) Ducros A. – La cascata delle marmore a Terni Dante Turina – Oil painting (1969) Orneore Metelli – Cascata delle Marmore con soldati romani Oil painting (1938) - Setagaya Museum (Japan). Capicci E. - Watercolour Giampaolo Teofoli - Etching TIVOLI VILLA ADRIANA Villa Gregoriana PONTE LUCANO Date of 1999 Inscription Property 80 ha Buffer zone 500 ha Ref : 907 4TH DECEMBER 1999 THE COMMITTEE INSCRIBED THE SITE ON THE World Heritage List Villa Gregoriana Villa d’Este Fiume Aniene A B C D E F A B C D E F AREA PONTE LUCANO: Fiume Aniene diventa navigabile in una zona pianeggiante non lontana da villa Adriana Realizzato dal diumviro M. Plautio Lucano. Porto commerciale : trasposto travertino ( Colosseo) MAUSOLEO DEI PLAUZI I sec dc Ponte Lucano sx d x Parco Fluviale Archeologico Parco fluviale archeologico THANK YOU MARMORE WATER FALLS Water Resources Management and Culture PARADIGM.