REFERENCES FOR SONJA LYUBOMIRSKY’S THE HOW OF HAPPINESS: A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO GETTING THE LIFE YOU WANT (Penguin Press, 2008) Foreword 1 Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855. 1 Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14. 1 Ivins, M. (2000, September 22). The manufactured public schools crisis. The Fort- Worth Star Telegram. Chapter 1: Is It Possible to Become Happier? 1 (1) Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34-43. (2) Diener, E., Suh, E. K., Smith, H., & Shao, L. (1995). National differences in reported well-being: Why do they occur? Social Indicators Research, 34, 7-32. 1 Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 539-548. 1 This study was conducted by Martin Seligman, professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, and Jeff Levy. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press. 1 (1) Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2005). Affective forecasting: Knowing what to want. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 131-134. (2) Gilbert, T. D. (2006). Stumbling on happiness. New York: A. A. Knopf. 1 This quote is from Harvard University social psychologist Dan Gilbert. Goldberg, C. (2006, February 6). Too much of a good thing. Boston Globe, F1. 1 The stories of Neil, in this chapter, and Judith, in Chapter 2 (not their real names), are presented in the television documentary In Pursuit of Happiness (www.happycanadians.com), made by Canadian Television, with Sarah Spinks as producer, Jon Dore as host and me as expert. It first aired on CTV on June 17, 2006. 1 Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131. 1 (1) Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7, 186-189. (2) Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1031-1039. 1 Stallone, D. D., & Stunkard, A. J. (1991). The regulation of body weight: Evidence and clinical implications Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 220-230. 1 Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302. 1 Diener, E., Horwitz, J., & Emmons, R. A. (1985). Happiness of the very wealthy. Social Indicators Research, 16, 263-274. 1 (1) Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (2) DePaulo, B. M., & Morris, W. L. (2005). Singles in society and in science. Psychological Inquiry, 16, 57-83. 1 Three recent studies that examined how people’s happiness levels change as they grow older found remarkably similar estimates for this percentage, ranging from 33 to 42 percent: (1) Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (in press). How stable is happiness: Using the STARTS model to estimate the stability of life satisfaction. Journal of Research in Personality. (2) Ehrhardt, J. J., Saris, W. E., & Veenhoven, R. (2000). Stability of life-satisfaction over time: Analysis of change in ranks in a national population. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 177–205. 1 (1) Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others?: The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist, 56, 239- 249. (2) Ibid, Diener et al. (1999). (3) Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56-67. (4) Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Personality and subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwartz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 213-229). New York: Russell Sage. (5) Argyle, M. (1999). Causes and correlates of happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 353-373). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 1 (1) Ibid, Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, et al. (2005). (2) Tkach, C. (2005). Unlocking the treasury of human kindness: Enduring improvements in mood, happiness, and self- evaluations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside. (3) Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life’s triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692-708. (4) Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006a). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 73-82. (5) Dickerhoof, R., Lyubomirsky, S., & Sheldon, K. M. (2007). How and why do positive activities work to boost well-being?: An experimental longitudinal investigation of regularly practicing optimism and gratitude.. Manuscript under review. For interventions from other laboratories, see also (1) Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410-421. (2) Fordyce, M. W. (1977). Development of a program to increase happiness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 511-521; (3) Fordyce, M. W. (1983). A program to increase happiness: Further studies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 483-498. 1 Ibid, Lyubomirsky, King, et al. (2005). 1 Diener, E., Nickerson, C., Lucas, R. E., & Sandvik, E. (2002). Dispositional affect and job outcomes. Social Indicators Research, 59, 229-259. 1 Harker, L., & Keltner, D. (2001). Expressions of positive emotions in women’s college yearbook pictures and their relationship to personality and life outcomes across adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 112-124. Chapter 2: How Happy Are You, and Why? 1 Names, identifying information, and details about interviews have been changed for some of the examples offered in this book. 1 Ed Diener, the most distinguished and most widely published researcher in the field of subjective well-being, told me once that he coined the term subjective well-being because he didn’t think he would be promoted with tenure if his research were perceived as focusing on something so fuzzy and soft as “happiness.” Nevertheless, the label caught on. 1 However, it’s worth noting that “well-being” is a broader, more holistic construct than “happiness,” encompassing people’s physical and mental health, in addition to their emotional well-being. 1 Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137- 155. 1 Ibid, Lyubomirsky & Lepper (1999). 1 Radloff, L. (1977) The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement,1,385-401. 1 Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., McClure, K. S., & Zwick, M. L. (2002). Assessment of depression. In I. H. Gotlib & C. L. Hammen (Eds.), Handbook of depression (pp. 61- 85). New York: Guilford. 1 (1) Chwastiak, L., Ehde, D. M., Gibbons, L. E., Sullivan, M., Bowen, J. D., & Kraft, G. H. (2002). Depressive symptoms and severity of illness in multiple sclerosis: Epidemiologic study of a large community sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1862-1868. (2) Unützer, J., Patrick, D. L., Marmon, T., Simon, G. E., & Katon, W. J. (2002). Depressive symptoms and mortality in a prospective study of 2,558 older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 521-530. 1 Burt, V. K., & Stein, K. (2002). Epidemiology of depression: Throughout the female life cycle. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 9-15. 1 Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A. Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshlman, S., Wittchen, H. U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19. 1 Klerman, G. L. (1988). The current age of youthful melancholia: Evidence for increase in depression among adolescents and young adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 4-14. 1 Üstün, T. B., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C., & Murray, C. J. L. (2004). Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 386-392. Disease burden is measured by the World Health Organization via the number of disability-adjusted life years. In Africa the share of disease burden for unipolar depressive disorders is 1.2 percent; in the Americas they are the leading cause, representing 8 percent of the total burden. The ranking of depression as a disease burden is thirteenth in Africa, fifth in the Eastern Mediterranean region, fourth in Southeast Asia, first in the Americas, third in Europe, and second in the Western Pacific. 1 Murray, J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1996). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Summary. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health: World Health Organization. 1 (1) Schwartz, B. (2000). Pitfalls on the road to a positive psychology of hope. In Schwartz, B., & Gillham, J. (Eds.), The science of optimism and hope: Research essays in honor of Martin E. P. Seligman (pp. 399-412). Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press. (2) O’Connor, R. (1999). Undoing depression. New York: Berkley. (3) Machoian, L. (2005). The disappearing girl: Learning the language of teenage depression. New York: Dutton. (4) Charney, D. S. & Nemeroff, C. B. (2004). The peace of mind prescription: An authoritative guide to finding the most effective treatment for anxiety and depression.