UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-1994 A disastrous gamble: Czechoslovak-British relations, 1937-1942 Traci Colston Heitschmidt University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Heitschmidt, Traci Colston, "A disastrous gamble: Czechoslovak-British relations, 1937-1942" (1994). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/3l2u-j5i9 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. 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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 A Disastrous Gamble: Czechoslovak-British Relations, 1937-1942 by Traci Colston Heitschmidt A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Department of History University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 1994 The Thesis of Traci Colston Heitschmidt for the degree of Master in Arts in History is approved. Z o , cf. ci L. ' A J q u a c h l . / f ? Ch-air personO NancyU Wingfield,’ •PhiD. a ?. Y- °iY Examining Committee Member, Colin Loader, Ph.D. -7. Examining Committee Member, Vernon Mattson, Ph.D. Graduate Faculty Representative, Ralph Buechler, Ph.D. 7 Dean of the Graduate College, Ronald Smith, Ph.D. University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 1994 ABSTRACT The appeasement policy culminated with the Munich Agreement in September 1938 and its effects are still being felt today. Because of his preconceived notions and inflexible world view, British Prime Minister Chamberlain did not listen to the pleas of those who opposed appeasement. He ignored their opinions about military build-up, possible German war aims, or anything else that challenged the viability of his appeasement policy. Ultimately, Chamberlain's tunnel vision caused the destruction of the democratic country of Czechoslovakia and promoted the most destructive war in human history. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze Chamberlain's justifications, the strategies of his opponents (focusing on the British and Czechoslovak opposition), British public opinion, demonstrate the Czechoslovak government's position from 1938 to 1942 and analyze its struggle to reverse the repercussions of an agreement they considered a Diktat. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................... viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 ORIGINS OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA........................ 7 CHAPTER 3 DIPLOMACY OF APPEASEMENT........................ 12 CHAPTER 4 PRELUDE TO MUNICH................................29 CHAPTER 5 AFTERMATH OF MUNICH............................. 40 CHAPTER 6 LONG ROAD TO RECOGNITION........................ 46 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION....................................... 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................67 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Primarily, I would like to thank Dr. Nancy Wingfield for not only her professional help in writing this thesis but also her friendship. She was there to give me praise when I succeeded and made me pick myself up and start over when I failed. I would also like to thank many other faculty members for taking their time to proofread my thesis and giving me so much immense help and support. Dr. Colin Loader for all the articles and extra readings he suggested. Dr. Joseph Fry for his tolerance and flexibility with my topic and for his editing help. Dr. Hal Rothman for his editing expertise, use of his computer, and time. Dr. Vernon Mattson for his initial guidance at UNLV and his subtle encouragement along the way. Dr. Ralph Buechler for being so patient with me while I grappled with the German language. Also UNLV for the summer research grant to England, without it I would not have had access to many of the necessary documents, archives, newspapers, and journals. Finally, to all those who over the past year have read and commented on different parts of my thesis. All of these people were instrumental in my project and I could not have succeeded without their help. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Since the end of the Second World War, the term "Munich" has been consistently used as an excuse for maintaining nonnegotiable diplomatic positions, such as opposing the seating of People's Republic of China in the United Nations, and maintaining the United States' military stance in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. In July 1955, Vice President Richard Nixon was so concerned that President Dwight Eisenhower, on his return from the Geneva Summit where he had met with British, French, and Soviet leaders, would be associated with Chamberlain and his ever-present umbrella, that he forbade the use of umbrellas at the airport presidential speech.1 Although probably an overreaction, Nixon feared repercussions if the public associated Eisenhower with Chamberlain and his notorious appeasement policy. Although not as influential today, "myth of Munich" still plays an important role in the world 'Keith Eubank., Munich. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963): 298. Eisenhower met with the British, French, and Soviet leaders in Geneva to discuss post-war policies including Western occupation of Berlin. Eisenhower staunchly rejected the Soviet ultimatum that the West withdraw their troops from Berlin. 1 2 of foreign policy. The term appeasement is unpalatable, and political association with it could mean disaster for prospective politicians. The "myth of Munich" is also of interest to historians who battle over the origins and effects of the Diktat. Some contend that Chamberlain had no choice but to sign the Munich Agreement because the British military remained weak. They believe that Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler did not just trick British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain into agreeing with him but left Chamberlain with no other viable options.2 Other historians argue that Chamberlain's reasons were justified and the Munich Agreement was ultimately a success because it allowed Great Britain another year to prepare for war. If war had started in 1938 instead of 1939, they believe, Germany probably would have won the Battle of Britain. They argue that the Czechoslovak military was weak and the Soviet Union would not have honored its treaty to come to the aid of Czechoslovakia if the Germans attacked, leaving Britain and France to face the German war machine alone.3 Some historians have even insisted that Czechoslovakia should be thankful for Chamberlain's policy of appeasement. They compare the 100,000 Czechoslovak casualties during the war 2John W. Wheeler-Bennett, Munich: Prologue to Tragedy (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948). 3Eubank, Munich. 3 to the 6,500,000 Polish casualties, claiming that this discrepancy is the result of Polish unwillingness to surrender to Germany without a fight.4 Other historians contend that the appeasement policy was not flawed but Chamberlain's mistakes were getting involved with the German-Czechoslovak problem and trying to negotiate with Hitler from a weakened position. For these historians, the lesson of Munich is one all democratic countries should study before getting involved with dictators.5 The problem with these arguments is the misplacement of responsibility. Although some of Chamberlain's reasoning at the Munich Conference