BERYLLIUM DIFFUSION OF RUBY AND SAPPHIRE John L. Emmett, Kenneth Scarratt, Shane F. McClure, Thomas Moses, Troy R. Douthit, Richard Hughes, Steven Novak, James E. Shigley, Wuyi Wang, Owen Bordelon, and Robert E. Kane Over the past two years, the heat treatment of corundum involving lattice diffusion of beryllium (Be) at temperatures over 1800°C has become a major issue in the gem trade. Although initially only orange to orangy pink (“padparadscha”-like) sapphires were seen, it is now known that a full range of corundum colors, including yellow and blue as well as ruby, have been produced or altered by this treatment. An extension of the current understanding of the causes of color in corundum is presented to help explain the color modifications induced by Be diffusion. Empirical support is provided by Be- diffusion experiments conducted on corundum from various geographic sources. Examination of hundreds of rough and faceted Be-diffused sapphires revealed that standard gemological testing will identify many of these treated corundums, although in some instances costly chemical analysis by mass spectrometry is required. Potential new methods are being investigated to provide additional identification aids, as major laboratories develop special nomenclature for describing this treatment. arly in 2002, it became apparent that corundum Our initial interpretation—that this color alter- treated by a new technique in Thailand had ation was caused solely by the diffusion of berylli- been filtering into the marketplace unan- um into the stone in an oxidizing atmosphere—was Enounced, particularly in Japan. It was subsequently denied by those involved with the treatment pro- learned that these stones had been traded for at least cess, and was questioned by other gemologists. six months prior to this discovery, perhaps longer. Their arguments hinged primarily on observations The first announcement of this situation—an alert that apparently similar starting materials could issued by the American Gem Trade Association emerge from this process as a variety of colors, or (AGTA) on January 8, 2002—prompted substantial completely unchanged. We believe that those obser- activity in gemological laboratories worldwide. vations are correct, but their interpretation is not. Quite rapidly it was demonstrated that this new pro- To understand the unusual behavior of beryllium in cess involved diffusion of the light element berylli- this material, we will have to examine far more um (Be) into a wide variety of corundum types to closely the origin of color in corundum. alter their color. In addition to their changes in color, these stones The diffusion of beryllium into corundum cre- exhibit many other features—both internal and on ates yellow, orange, or brown color components. the surface—that indicate very high-temperature heat The effectiveness of this process in turning pale-col- treatment and/or long periods of treatment. Taken ored or nearly colorless corundum into vibrant yel- together, these features indicate that a new treatment lows and oranges is dramatic. No less dramatic is regime has been introduced into the jewelry trade. the alteration of pink sapphire to a “padparadscha” appearance or a vivid orange, as well as the conver- sion of bluish rubies to a fine red color. It also can See end of article for About the Authors and Acknowledgments. reduce the amount of blue in dark blue sapphires, GEMS &GEMOLOGY, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 84–135. rendering them a more attractive color (figure 1). © 2003 Gemological Institute of America 84 BERYLLIUM DIFFUSION OF RUBY AND SAPPHIRE GEMS &GEMOLOGY SUMMER 2003 Figure 1. The berylli- um diffusion process can affect many colors of corundum, includ- ing ruby and blue sap- phire. The Be-diffused stones shown here range from 0.40 to 5.05 ct. Photo by Harold & Erica Van Pelt. We start this discourse with a short historical article. The original diffusion process in which discussion of corundum heat treatment and the titanium was diffused from the outside of a piece connection of this new treatment to previous pro- of corundum into the bulk of the stone, producing cesses. That is followed by a summary of recent a blue layer under the surface, was called “surface progress on beryllium diffusion. Next we delve diffusion” by some gemologists (see, e.g., Hughes, deeply into the causes of color in corundum, 1997, pp. 121–124). However, the term surface dif- extending the current understanding, to elucidate fusion is used in many other disciplines to mean a how a minute amount of this light element can process by which a material moves over a surface, cause such a variety of dramatic color alterations. rather than through the surface into the interior. To this end, we performed a series of Be diffusion As recommended by the International Union of experiments in one of our laboratories. We also Pure and Applied Chemistry (Kizilyalli et al., studied a large number of Be diffusion–treated sap- 1999), the scientifically correct term for the pro- phires (some, both before and after treatment), cess by which a foreign material moves into and untreated sapphires, and sapphires treated only by through a solid is lattice diffusion, previously heat, using a variety of gemological and analytical referred to in the scientific literature as bulk diffu- methods. On the basis of the examinations and sion. For the purposes of this article, we will use testing conducted, we present criteria for determin- the term lattice diffusion or (in its shortened form) ing if stones have been Be diffused—some are quite diffusion to describe this process. simple, and some require advanced analytical instrumentation. Finally, we note that this new treatment process BACKGROUND has caused gemological laboratories to re-evaluate Corundum has been heat treated with moderate their thinking about corundum treatments in gener- color improvement since antiquity. However, al, and the manner in which the treated stones today’s modern heat-treatment techniques pro- should be described on laboratory reports and other duce dramatic results when compared with the documents in particular. Current descriptive lan- subtle changes of the past. The historic turning guage used on reports issued by the AGTA point was the discovery, apparently in the 1960s Gemological Testing Center and the GIA Gem (see Crowningshield, 1966, 1970; Beesley, 1982), Laboratory is presented. that the translucent milky white to yellow to Before we proceed, let us take a moment to brown and bluish white sapphire from Sri Lanka, explain the nomenclature that we will use in this known as geuda, could be transformed to a fine BERYLLIUM DIFFUSION OF RUBY AND SAPPHIRE GEMS &GEMOLOGY SUMMER 2003 85 transparent blue by atmosphere-controlled high- 1993, GIA researchers reported on the experimental temperature heating. This discovery was made production of red “diffusion-treated” corundum possible by the availability of simple furnaces (McClure et al., 1993). capable of reaching temperatures in the 1500°C In October 2001, Australian gemologist Terry ≥ range. The striking color change in the geuda Coldham informed one of the authors that a treater material was caused by the dissolution of rutile in Chanthaburi, Thailand, had developed a new inclusions in the stone, and by the inward diffu- method to transform bluish red Songea (Tanzania) sion of hydrogen from the reducing atmosphere. stones to a fine orange to red-orange (Coldham, The importance of hydrogen diffusion was not rec- 2002; Hughes, 2002). Shortly thereafter, several ognized until much later (Emmett and Douthit, other sources confirmed this information. The 1993). Eventually, tons of previously worthless stones were to be marketed under a variety of new geuda corundum were converted to marketable color names, such as “Sunset Sapphire” (“Treated transparent blue sapphire. Songea sapphires . ,” 2002). The benefits of this process with geuda sapphire During a visit to Bangkok in November/ led to successful experimentation with many types December 2001, another author saw the new treat- and colors of sapphire (e.g., Crowningshield and ed orange sapphires in the gem market, as well as a Nassau, 1981; Keller, 1982; Themelis, 1992; Emmett large volume of orangy pink treated stones similar and Douthit, 1993) as well as off-color ruby. As a in color to traditional “padparadscha” sapphires. result, the vast majority of rubies and sapphires trad- He later obtained samples for study. When staff ed today have been heat treated. members at the AGTA Gemological Testing Initially these gems entered the market without Center (AGTA-GTC) examined these samples in any form of disclosure. By the time buyers did learn New York, they found that all showed evidence of they were treated, the stocks of gem merchants exposure to a high-temperature treatment (Scarratt, were full of stones with color created by a high-heat 2002a). When these stones were immersed in process. In the mid-1980s, international regulatory methylene iodide, many displayed unusual yellow- bodies such as CIBJO decided that, because the heat to-orange rims surrounding pink cores, which sug- treatment of sapphire was a “traditional trade prac- gested that a yellow colorant was being diffused tice,” such a treatment need not be declared in the into pink sapphire. course of trade. The concept that turning unattrac- On December 28, 2001, Ken Scarratt reported tive corundum into a gem by heating it in an atmo- his observations to Richard Hughes, who then sphere-controlled furnace should be regarded as examined faceted sapphires just purchased in “traditional” was questionable from the outset, but Bangkok by Pala International. He found yellow-to- the situation had reached a stage where something orange rims on most pieces (see, e.g., figure 2). In had to be done to allow trading to continue. Thus, early January 2002, AGTA and Pala International the heat-treated geuda sapphires were placed in the issued Internet warnings to their extensive mailing same category as the far milder historic corundum lists (Scarratt, 2002b).