Anmerkungen und Literaturangaben Kapitel 0 5. U. Shahin, S.-M. Yi, R. D. Paode, and T. M. Holsen, “Long- 1. C. D. Keeling, “Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Term Elemental Dry Deposition Fluxes Measured Around Earth,” Ann. Rev. Energy Environ. 1998, 23, 25–82. Diese Lake Michigan,” Environ. Sci. Tech. 2000, 34, 1887. fesselnde Autobiographie kann kostenlos heruntergeladen werden unter http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/publications/kee- Kapitel 2 ling_autobiography.pdf. 1. V. Tsionsky, “The Quartz-Crystal Microbalance in an Un- 2. J. C. Orr et al., “Anthropogenic Ocean Acidification over dergraduate Laboratory Experiment,” J. Chem. Ed. 2007, the Twenty-first Century and Its Impact on Calcifying Or- 84, 1334, 1337, 1340. ganisms,” Nature 2005, 437, 681. 2. Eine GaPO4-Kristall-Mikrowaage besitzt bessere Eigen- 3. S. P. Beckett, The Science of Chocolate, 2nd ed. (Cam- schaften als Quarz für variable und Hochtemperaturmes- bridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2008); G. Tannenbaum, sungen. (J. W. Elam and M. J. Pellin, “GaPO4 Sensors for “Chocolate: A Marvelous Natural Product of Chemistry,” J. Gravimetric Monitoring during Atomic Layer Deposition Chem. Ed. 2004, 81, 1131. at High Temperature,” Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 3531.) 4. T. J. Wenzel, “A New Approach to Undergraduate Analyti- 3. Eine vibrierende Messnadel (Cantilever) ist 107 mal sensi- cal Chemistry,” Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 470A. Siehe auch T. tiver als eine Quarz-Mikrowaage und kann 1 fg messen (fg J. Wenzel, “The Lecture as a Learning Device,” Anal. Chem. = femtogram = 10-15 g). (D. Maraldo, K. Rijal, G. Campbell, 1999, 71, 817A; T. J. Wenzel, “Cooperative Student Activi- and R. Mutharasan, “Method for Label-Free Detection of ties as Learning Devices,” Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 293A; T. Femtogram Quantities of Biologics in Flowing Liquid Sam- J. Wenzel, “Practical Tips for Cooperative Learning,” Anal. ples,” Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 2762.) Chem. 2000, 72, 359A; T. J. Wenzel, “Undergraduate Re- 4. Die Frequenz bei gegebener Massebeladung ändert sich search as a Capstone Learning Experience,” Anal. Chem. mit dem Quadrat der Resonanzfrequenz (Sauerbrey-Glei- 2000, 72, 547A. chung). Mit großer Sorgfalt und exakter Mikromechanik 5. W. R. Kreiser and R. A. Martin, Jr., J. Assoc. Off. Anal. kann man einen 62-MHz-Quarzoszillator herstellen. Kom- Chem. 1978, 61, 1424; W. R. Kreiser and R. A. Martin, Jr., merzielle Quarzmikrowaagen schwingen bei 5-10 MHz. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63, 591. Heute finden Sie Die Massenempfindlichkeit des hier beschriebenen Oszilla- wesentlich aktuellere Literatur über Koffein. tors ist um einen Faktor von mindestens (62/10)2 = 38 grö- 6. Eine gute Quelle für viele bewährte Analyseverfahren ist ßer. (P. Kao, A. Patwardham, D. Allara, and S. Tadigadapa, W. Horwitz, Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC Inter- “Human Serum Albumin Adsorption Study on 62-MHz national, 18th ed. (Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC Interna- Miniaturized Quartz Gravimetric Sensors,” Anal. Chem. tional, 2007). Kann im Internet gefunden werden unter 2008, 80, 5930.) http://my.aoac.org/scriptcontent/index.cfm. 5. Hier findet man ein ausgezeichnetes Training zu den 7. W. Fresenius, “The Position of the Analyst as Expert: Yes- Grundlagen der Labortechnik: http://jchemed.chem.wisc. terday and Today,” Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 2000, 368, 548. edu/ und bei www.academysavant.com. 6. R. J. Lewis, Sr., Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, 5th Kapitel 1 ed. (New York: Wiley, 2002); P. Patnaik, A Comprehensive 1. J. R. de Laeter and H. S. Peiser, “A Century of Progress in Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, the Sciences Due to Atomic Weight and Isotopic Composi- 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1999); G. Lunn and E. B. Sanso- tion Measurements,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003, 375, 62. ne, Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory 2. Reagent Chemicals, 10th ed. (Washington, DC: American (New York: Wiley, 1994); and M. A. Armour, Hazardous Chemical Society, 2008). http://pubs.acs.org/reagents/in- Laboratory Chemical Disposal Guide, 2nd ed. (Boca Raton, dex.html. FL: CRC Press, 1996). 3. R. W. Ramette, “In Support of Weight Titrations,” J. Chem. 7. Wie Gold aus Elektronikmaterialien wiedergewonnen wird, Ed. 2004, 81, 1715. finden Sie hier: J. W. Hill and T. A. Lear, “Recovery of Gold 4. J. L. Sarmiento and N. Gruber, “Sinks for Anthropogenic from Electronic Scrap,” J. Chem. Ed. 1988, 65, 802. Um Carbon,” Physics Today, August 2002, p. 30. Hg von Gold zu entfernen, wird das Material mit einer 1:1 D. C. Harris, Lehrbuch der quantitativen Analyse, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-37788-4, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Harris_T3.indd 809 18.12.2013 10:52:14 810 Anmerkungen und Literaturangaben Mischung von 0.01 M (NH4)2S2O8 und 0.01 M HNO3 be- 16. W. B. Guenther, “Supertitrations: High-Precision Methods,” handelt; siehe bei T. Nomura and M. Fujisawa, “Electrolytic J. Chem. Ed. 1988, 65, 1097; D. D. Siemer, S. D. Reeder, and Determination of Mercury(II) in Water with a Piezoelectric M. A. Wade, “Syringe Buret Adaptor,” J. Chem. Ed. 1988, Quartz Crystal,” Anal. Chim. Acta 1986, 182, 267. 65, 467. 8. P. T. Anastas and J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory 17. M. M. Singh, C. McGowan, Z. Szafran, and R. M. Pike, “A and Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); Modified Microburet for Microscale Titration,” J. Chem. M. C. Cann and M. E. Connelly, Real-World Cases in Green Ed. 1998, 75, 371; “A Comparative Study of Microscale and Chemistry (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, Standard Burets,” J. Chem. Ed. 2000, 77, 625. 2000); M. Lancaster, Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text 18. D. R. Burfield and G. Hefter, “Oven Drying of Volumetric (Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002); C. Baird Glassware,” J. Chem. Ed. 1987, 64, 1054. and M. Cann, Environmental Chemistry, 3rd ed. (New York: 19. R. H. Obenauf and N. Kocherlakota, “Identifying Contami- W. H. Freeman and Company, 2005); J. E. Girard, Principles nation in Trace Metal Laboratories,” Spectroscopy Applica- of Environmental Chemistry (Sudbury, MA: Bartlett, 2005); tions Supplement, March 2006, p. 12. B. Braun, R. Charney, A. Clarens, J. Farrugia, C. Kitchens, 20. W. Vaccaro, “Minimizing Liquid Delivery Risk: Operators C. Lisowski, D. Naistat, and A. O’Neil, J. Chem. Ed. 2006, as Sources of Error,” Am. Lab. News Ed. September 2007, p. 83, 1126. 16; A. B. Carle, “Minimizing Liquid Delivery Risk: Barome- 9. J. M. Bonicamp, “Weigh This Way,” J. Chem. Ed. 2002, 79, tric Pressure and Thermal Disequilibrium,” Am. Lab. News 476. Ed. January 2008, p. 8. 10. B. B. Johnson and J. D. Wells, “Cautions Concerning Elect- 21. K. J. Albert, “Minimizing Liquid Delivery Risk: Automated ronic Analytical Balances,” J. Chem. Ed. 1986, 63, 86. Liquid Handlers as Sources of Error,” Am. Lab. News Ed. 11. Eine Demonstration des Auftriebs findet man hier: K. D. June/July 2007, p. 8. Pinkerton, “Sink or Swim: The Cartesian Diver,” J. Chem. 22. M. Connors and R. Curtis, “Pipetting Error,” Am. Lab. News Ed. 2001, 78, 200A (JCE Classroom Activity #33). Ed. June 1999, p. 20; ibid. December 1999, p. 12; R. H. Cur- 12. R. Batting and A. G. Williamson, “Single-Pan Balances, tis and G. Rodrigues, ibid. February 2004, p. 12. Buoyancy, and Gravity or ‘A Mass of Confusion,’” J. Chem. 23. R. Curtis, “Minimizing Liquid Delivery Risk: Pipets as Sour- Ed. 1984, 61, 51; J. E. Lewis and L. A. Woolf, “Air Buoyancy ces of Error,” Am. Lab. News Ed. March 2007, p. 8. Corrections for Single-Pan Balances,” J. Chem. Ed. 1971, 24. B. Kratochvil and N. Motkosky, “Precision and Accuracy of 48, 639; F. F. Cantwell, B. Kratochvil, and W. E. Harris, “Air Mechanical-Action Micropipets,” Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, Buoyancy Errors and the Optical Scale of a Constant-Load 1064. Ein kolorimetrisches Kalibrations-Kit ist erhältlich Balance,” Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 1010; G. D. Chapman, von Artel, Inc., Westbrook, ME, www.artel-usa.com/. “Weighing with Electronic Balances,” National Research 25. E. J. Billo, Microsoft Excel for Chemists, 2nd ed. (New York: Council of Canada, Report NRCC 38659 (1996). Wiley, 2001); R. de Levie, How to Use Excel® in Analytical 13. Die Dichte von Luft (g/L) = (0.003 485 B - 0.001 318 v)/T, Chemistry and in General Scientific Data Analysis (Cam- wobei B der Luftdruck (Pa) ist, v ist der Dampfdruck des bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); E. J. Billo, Ex- Wassers in der Luft (Pa), und T ist die Lufttemperatur (K). cel for Scientists and Engineers: Numerical Methods (New 14. U. Henriksson and J. C. Eriksson, “Thermodynamics of York: Wiley, 2007); R. de Levie, Advanced Excel for Sci- Capillary Rise: Why Is the Meniscus Curved?” J. Chem. Ed. entific Data Analysis, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University 2004, 81, 150. Press, 2008). 15. Die Reinigungslösung wird durch Auflösen von 36 g Am- 26. D. Bohrer, P. Cícero do Nascimento, P. Martins, and R. Bi- moniumperoxidisulfat (NH4)2S2O8, in einer lose mit einem notto, “Availability of Aluminum from Glass on an Al Form Stopfen verschlossenen 2.2-L („one gallon“) Flasche mit 98 Ion Exchanger in the Presence of Complexing Agents and Gew% Schwefelsäure hergestellt. (H. M. Stahr, W. Hyde, Amino Acids,” Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 459, 267. and L. Sigler, “Oxidizing Acid Baths - without Chromate Hazards,” Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 1456A). Die Zugabe von Kapitel 3 (NH4)2S2O8 alle paar Wochen erhält die Oxidationskraft 1. Einen Katalog über Standardreferenzmaterialien erhält man der Lösung. Halten Sie die Flasche wegen der Gasentwick- bei: [email protected]. Europäische Referenzmateri- lung locker mit einem Stopfen verschlossen. (P. S. Surdhar, alien erhält man bei: http://www.erm-crm.org. “Laboratory Hazard,” Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 310A). Die 2. J. R. Taylor, An Introduction to Error Analysis, 2nd ed. (Sau- kommerzielle Reinigungslösung EOSULF (enthält EDTA salito, CA: University Science Books, 1997).