CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE (Nanger dama) CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE (Nanger dama) Copyright © 2014 RZSS Recommended citation: RZSS & IUCN Antelope Specialist Group (2014) Dama gazelle, Nanger dama, Conservation Review. Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK. Contact: [email protected] Info: https://sites.google.com/site/damagazellenetwork/ Cover photo: Dama gazelle in Manga region of Western Chad Feb 2014 © John Newby/SCF Reproduction of this publication for educational, conservation or other non-profit purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for sale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE (Nanger dama) Report produced following the roundtable workshop for dama gazelle conservation held at the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, 19th-21st November 2013 Compiled by: Helen Senn, David Mallon, Caroline Whitson & Rob Ogden Additional co-authors: Teresa Abaigar, Hessa Al Qahtani, Lisa Banfield, Roseline Beudels, Elizabeth Cary Mungall, Philippe Chardonnet, Pierre Comizzoli, Mark Craig, Koen De Smet, Adam Eyres, Amina Fellous, Martha Fischer, Tania Gilbert, Abdelkader Jebali, Andrew Kitchener, Steve Monfort, John Newby, Thomas Rabeil, Brandon Speeg, Mark Stanley-Price, Tim Wacher. CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE 5 CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • The dama gazelle (Nanger dama) is one of • Some key outputs within the document are: the three most threatened antelope species. 1. A review of the biology, ecology, • Once distributed widely across the Sahelo- taxonomy and history of dama gazelle. Saharan region, it is known to survive in 2. A comparative assessment of wild only five small subpopulations in Mali, dama gazelle populations and Chad and Niger and numbers in the wild the threats that they face. are estimated to be fewer than 300. 3. A history and assessment of captive • Approximately 1500 animals exist in captivity populations worldwide, both in worldwide (in zoos and on Texas ranches) zoos and on Texas ranches, and which have been bred from around 24 of the released populations. founder individuals, collected from the wild in the second half of the twentieth century. 4. A recommendation that, for conservation purposes, it is most appropriate to • Since the 1980s dama gazelles have view the dama gazelle as a species been released from captivity into without subspecies division, which fenced reserves in Morocco, Senegal may exhibit local adaptation of pelage and Tunisia with mixed success. coloration along a broad cline. • The species was historically split into 5. A recommendation to conduct three subspecies (N.d.mhorr, N.d.dama experimental breeding between captive and N.d.ruficollis) due to variations in coat ruficollis and mhorr to assess the risks and coloration that are present in successive benefits of merging stock in captivity. regions across its range. Current captive management is conducted according to 6. A list of eight possible principal these subspecific delineations although conservation actions that could be there is some doubt about their validity. conducted in support of dama gazelle and their associated risks and benefits. • A workshop was held at RZSS, Edinburgh, in November 2013 to review and discuss 7. A road map for moving key issues for dama gazelle conservation. conservation actions forward. • This document represents the culmination • This report is intended to provide the basis of the workshop and outlines the next for a full dama gazelle conservation strategy, steps to be taken in order to achieve to be developed by the dama gazelle a vision of “Sustainable and free-living stakeholder community: principally range state populations of dama gazelle persisting agencies, international and local conservation in their indigenous range, supported by NGOs, zoos and research institutions. well-managed populations elsewhere.” 6 CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE CONTENTS Executive summary 6 Contents 7 List of abbreviations and definitions 9 1. Introduction 12 2. Nomenclature & Taxonomy 13 2.1. Description 15 2.2. Taxonomy, genetics & recommendations 20 3. Ecology and Habitat 25 3.1. Habitat and diet (adapted from Devillers et al. 2005) 25 3.2. Social organisation 26 4. Distribution and Status 27 4.1. Distribution in the wild 27 4.2. Zoos and breeding centres 31 4.3. Released populations 33 4.4. Texas populations 35 4.5. Other captive animals 37 5. Threats 39 5.1. Wild populations 39 5.2. Zoos and breeding centres 39 7 CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE 5.3. Released (repatriated) populations 40 5.4. Texas populations 40 6. Current Conservation Action 43 6.1. International status 43 6.2. National status 43 6.3. Protected areas (PAs) 43 6.4. In situ conservation measures 43 6.5. Flagship status 43 6.6. Texas 44 6.7. Zoos and breeding centres 44 6.8. Research 45 7. Strategy for Dama Gazelle Conservation 47 7.1. Vision 47 7.2. Principal options 47 7.3. Objectives 52 7.4. Recommendations and next steps 55 8. Acknowledgements 57 9. References 59 10. Appendices 65 8 CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS AAZ: Al Ain Zoo ASG: IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group ASS: Projet Antilopes-Sahélo-Sahariennes AZA: Association of Zoos and Aquariums (USA) AZAA: Arabian Zoo and Aquarium Association CBD-Habitat: Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad y su Hábitat C2S2: Conservation Centers for Species Survival CITES: The Washington Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals DFC/AP: Direction de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Salubrité Urbaine et du Développement Durable, Niger EAZA: The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria EEP: European Endangered Species Programme EEZA: Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas Instituto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) perteneciente al Área de Recursos Naturales, Almeria. Also referred to in literature as “La Hoya” Experimental Field Station or simply “Almeria”. EWA: Exotic Wildlife Association Indigenous range: The indigenous range of a species is the known or inferred distribution generated from historical (written or verbal) records, or physical evidence of the species’ occurrence. Where direct evidence is inadequate to confirm previous occupancy, the existence of suitable habitat within ecologically appropriate proximity to proven range may be taken as adequate evidence of previous occupation. IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources NMS: National Museums Scotland 9 CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE NP: National Park OROA: Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim Game Reserve, Chad PA: Protected Area PCBR: An ongoing project (2013-2015) for the Termit reserve (RNTTT), under the leadership of Noé Conservation and Sahara Conservation Fund. The acronym stands for Partenariat pour la Conservation de la Biodiversité Sahélo-Saharienne de la Réserve Naturelle Nationale de Termit et Tin Toumma au Niger Phenotype: An animal’s observable characteristics or traits which may be controlled by genetic and/or environmental factors. Used in this report to refer to coat colouration of dama gazelle. PSWS: Pan Sahara Wildlife Survey Range state: Country within indigenous range RCP: Regional Collection Plan Repatriate: Return animal to range state (but not necessarily indigenous range) RFG: Red-fronted gazelle (Gazella rufifrons) RZSS: Royal Zoological Society of Scotland SCF: Sahara Conservation Fund SHO: Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) SSC: Species Survival Commission SSIG: Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group SSP: Species Survival Plan Program TWCS: Tunisia Wildlife Conservation Society UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ZSL: Zoological Society of London 10 CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE 11 CONSERVATION REVIEW OF THE DAMA GAZELLE 1. INTRODUCTION The dama gazelle (Nanger dama) is one of Since the early 1980s dama gazelles have the three most threatened antelope species been released into fenced reserves in in the world. It is classified on the IUCN Morocco, Senegal and Tunisia (Cano et al. Red List of Threatened Species as Critically 1993; Akakpo et al. 1995; Abaigar et al. 1997; Endangered and is listed on Appendix I of Müller 2002; Jebali 2008), with mixed success CITES and CMS. Three subspecies are generally (Jebali 2012; Jebali & Zahzah 2013). recognised, but the intraspecific taxonomy of the species is not fully resolved and their A workshop was held to review and openly validity may be questionable (see below). discuss key issues for dama gazelle conservation and identify priority actions. The workshop was Dama gazelles were once widely distributed organised by the RZSS in association with the across the whole Sahel zone, parts of the IUCN/SSC ASG and took place between 19th and western Sahara and lower valleys of the mountain 21st November 2013 at the RZSS headquarters in massifs of the Sahara, but range and numbers Edinburgh, UK. The workshop aimed to review the have drastically declined (Devillers et al. 2005; status of dama gazelles in all four of their current Newby et al. 2008; Scholte 2013). Now only environments (wild, zoo, reintroduced/repatriated, five small and fragmented