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PUSHING THE PROCESS: A WHĀNAU JOURNEY THROUGH THE TREATY OF WAITANGI CLAIMS PROCESS A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at The University of Waikato by REECE DAVID HARRISON ______ The University of Waikato 2007 -i- Abstract This thesis follows the journey of a whānau (ngā uri a Arama Whakatau) in its claim to the Waitangi Tribunal under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1986. In particular, it looks at inter-whānau dynamics before, during and after the claims process. The connections to the claimant area through whakapapa and establishing ahi kaa rights are identified, as are problems faced by lodging a claim at the whānau level. Aspects of inter-whānau, inter-hapū and inter-iwi politics are considered along with Crown agencies’ processes. The primary question posed in the thesis is whether a whānau claim is the more appropriate avenue compared to making a claim through the hapū or iwi. However, the inter-whānau dynamics are the core focus of the thesis in this ‘warts-and-all’ discussion from the perspective of the participant-observer. -ii- He Mihi He Mihi Kororia ki te Atua te Kaihanga o ngā mea katoa; Kia whakahonoretia Te Arikinui Tuheitia Ki ngā mate kua ngaro ki tua o Paerau – haere. Ki a tātou te hunga ora, tēnā huihui tātou katoa. Ko Taupiri te Maunga Ko Waikato te Awa Ko Potatau te Tangata He piko He Taniwha He piko He Taniwha Waikato Taniwharau Ki tō mātou whaea ki a Kerehi Kaweroa (Maipi), ki ngā matua me ngā whaea kēkē ki a Te Ngaeroa Hetet (Uncle Nelson), ki a Wharepeke Kaweroa (Uncle Whare), ki a Koro Sharkey Maipi, ki a Aunty Bella Aoake (Kaweroa) me tāna tāne (Uncle Wacky Aoake), haere, haere, haere, moe mai rā koutou. Ko Mauao te Maunga Ko Waimapu te Awa Ko Tupaea te Tangata Ko Tauranga Moana te rohe Ko aua mihi anō ki te whānau kua riro ki tua o te ārai i Tauranga Moana, ki Matapihi, ki ngā tipuna ki a Mana Mita Whakatau, ki tāna wahine Kahumeria -iii- Hekapa Netana, ki tō mātou pāpā, ki a Te Koro Mita Whakatau, ki tō mātou tuahine Liza, nāna te kakano o te mahi nei i tō. Ki ō mātou tuakana Billy, kōrua ko James, ki te taina ki a Patrick, moe mai koutou. Ki ngā tipuna ki a Te Whanganui a Hei, mona te kerēme nei, ki a Arama Mita Whakatau, i tanumia ki te whenua nei, rātou ko tāna tama ko Mita Arama Whakatau, tae noa ki ana mokopuna Te Rikihana Mita Whakatau rāua ko Puti Puti Mita Whakatau, moe mai ra koutou. Mo koutou te mahi i mahia nei, te tohe e tohetia tonu nei, te kaupapa i tuku iho, ka tuku iho anō... Tena tātou te hunga ora. He mihi anō ki ngā hoa awhina mai ki tenei mahi. Ki to mātou matamua ki a David Mita Whakatau, te tuara o te kerēme nei; ki a Nicky rāua ko Lester Harrison, ngā ringa kaha; ki a Judy Te Kani (nee Herewini) rātou ko Marsha me Kare Kelly (nee Kereopa) ngā kiwai o te kete. E ōku rangatira Tame Roa, koutou ko Ata Bird, ko Hereperita McCloud, ko Tamati Tata, ki a Kiriana Tan, ki a Stephen Clark, kei te nui te mihi ki a koutou me ngā tohutohu mai. Ka kore e mutu ko aua mihi anō ki taku wahine me a māua tamariki, te takoto o te marino kei waenganui tenei mahi. -iv- Contents Abstract _________________________________________________________ i He Mihi_________________________________________________________ ii Contents ________________________________________________________ iv List of Tables ___________________________________________________ viii List of Figures ___________________________________________________ ix List of Abbreviations _____________________________________________ xi Chapter 1 _______________________________________________________ 1 Introduction: research questions and research methods ________________ 1 1.1 Introduction: The Whānau Claim _____________________________ 1 1.2 Personal journeying________________________________________ 2 Chapter 2 _______________________________________________________ 5 Research Methodology ____________________________________________ 5 2.1 Introduction______________________________________________ 5 2.2 Research processes________________________________________ 6 2.2.1 Phase One: Three steps _________________________________ 6 2.2.2 Phase Two: Collecting, summarizing and organising data _____ 9 2.2.3 Phase Three: Analysing and interpreting the data ___________ 11 2.3 Ethics__________________________________________________ 12 Chapter 3 ______________________________________________________ 21 Pre-Claim blues _________________________________________________ 21 3.1 Introduction_____________________________________________ 21 3.2 Lodging a Claim _________________________________________ 21 3.3 Legal aid, registration, and Whānau, support and legal Hui________ 22 -v- 3.4 Conclusion _____________________________________________ 29 Chapter 4 ______________________________________________________ 30 Ngāti Hei ______________________________________________________ 30 4.1 Introduction_____________________________________________ 30 4.2 Ngāti Hei origins_________________________________________ 30 4.3 Conclusion _____________________________________________ 43 Chapter 5 ______________________________________________________ 45 Tribal estate ____________________________________________________ 45 5.1 Introduction_____________________________________________ 45 5.2 Tribal estate – Te ahi kaa __________________________________ 45 5.3 Tribal politics in Hauraki __________________________________ 51 5.4 Conclusion _____________________________________________ 58 Chapter 6 ______________________________________________________ 60 First Foreign contact_____________________________________________ 60 6.1 Introduction_____________________________________________ 60 6.2 First European contact_____________________________________ 61 6.3 Conclusion _____________________________________________ 87 Chapter 7 ______________________________________________________ 88 Tauranga Moana and its ties to Ngāti Hei ___________________________ 88 7.1 Introduction_____________________________________________ 88 7.2 Tauranga Moana and its ties to Ngāti Hei______________________ 88 7.3 Conclusion _____________________________________________ 97 Chapter 8 ______________________________________________________ 98 The ‘Claim’ ____________________________________________________ 98 8.1 Introduction_____________________________________________ 98 8.2 The Claim______________________________________________ 98 -vi- 8.2.1 First cause of Action: Failure to protect the land base and other resources in breach of the Treaty of Waitangi. ______________________ 99 8.2.2 Second cause of action: Native Land Court investigations_____ 99 8.2.2.1 Te Kapowai______________________________________ 100 8.2.2.2 Kahuwera _______________________________________ 101 8.2.2.3 Oteao 1_________________________________________ 102 8.2.2.4 Oteao no.1_______________________________________ 102 8.2.2.5 Oteao no. 2 ______________________________________ 102 8.2.2.6 Oteao no. 3 ______________________________________ 103 8.2.2.7 Oteao 4, and 4A___________________________________ 104 8.2.2.8 Taumatawahine ___________________________________ 104 8.2.2.9 Rautawhiri Oteao_________________________________ 105 8.2.2.10 Te Hoho_________________________________________ 105 8.2.3 Third cause of action; Crown purchase of interests following the Native Land Court investigations _______________________________ 107 8.2.4 Fourth cause of action – Lands taken under Public Works Act 107 8.2.4.1 Prejudicial effects_________________________________ 108 8.2.4.2 Relief sought_____________________________________ 108 8.3 Conclusion ____________________________________________ 114 Chapter 9 _____________________________________________________ 116 Post-Claim blues _______________________________________________ 116 9.1 Introduction____________________________________________ 116 9.2 Post-Claim discussions, Hui and counter claims _______________ 116 9.3 Conclusion ____________________________________________ 125 Chapter 10 ____________________________________________________ 127 Future blues: Economic development ______________________________ 127 10.1 Introduction____________________________________________ 127 10.2 Towards economic development____________________________ 127 10.3 Developing Te Kapowai Whānau Trust ______________________ 135 10.4 Conclusion ____________________________________________ 152 -vii- Chapter 11 ____________________________________________________ 154 Conclusions ___________________________________________________ 154 11.1 Introduction____________________________________________ 154 11.2 Significance of the research _______________________________ 154 11.3 Limitations of research___________________________________ 155 11.4 Recommendations for future research _______________________ 158 Bibliography __________________________________________________