India's Relations with the P.D.R. and G.D.R, 1958-1970 THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE BY SHAUKAT ALI Under the supervision of OR. S. A. H. BILGRAMI DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1983 T2807 Phones Public :3377 University 266 S. A. H. BILGRAMI CHAIRMAN Ph. D. DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE DOCTORATE DES SCIENCES PoLiTtquEs ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH 1Q.11.1S83 This lo to cortify thnt ahnulmt All hio comnlotod bis roaonrch undor 'ly OOTDrvitJlon and th-».t Ms thotsls ortltlsa •Inali'D nol'>tiors \-ith Gi^It nnd riiHj 3£)58-70j la, ry 05)inion, euitnblo for subrJ.i»sion for tho doEroe of Doctor of Phllosoi>hy (Ph.D.) IT JS MGMTTBO that there ie a Blight inaccuraoy in the tttJe of the theeia FUG ( federal Republic of Oemeny J te mentioned fM» fkie hm happened due to tjjpino error and 4.aa approved ae mch by th9 appropriate mthorities of the Univeroityp Khich could not be corrected at the tine of submissionrn ERMfiCE AS a atudent o£ PoliticaX science Z h^cmm interested in dhiG stu<3y o£ International Relatione and was attracted to stu<^ che relations between India and ttie two Qmxmm states* Botii the nations have faced aimilar situation in the wake of the world War II» They e35>erienced partition, followed by the problem o£ millions o£ Afugees* Both have tonftwescahlish their economy and indULStryl Germans, after the destruction daring the war, and India after colonial exploitation* 'ilie two nations have to re-strucl^ire their political and econouilc eysteea at home and their position abroad.Relations bettmen Inaia and Oernany have an mS^OmA diiaenaions* ifor more than a cantury before the U'orld ii^ar II, Indians and Germans having been fascinated isiy eac^ other's civilisation and philosqphy, hove developed intieiate cultoral ties* Gertoany became the principal bone of contention in a world divided between the two power bloos^led by the United States and the soviet Union* Both wanted a Itnited Germany on their side in the contest for world l>e9eflK>ny* However, they settled for a divided Qernianyi federal Republic of Germany joined the Western bloc led by the United states. ii «8 a am&ies: of NATai while <3«ir!a«a3 Dttiaoeratlc R«^ul>lie l»ecaiB« « sMBinber o£ the Soviet bXoc in the wersair Pact* tRO also joined the process of economio unification in Western Gurope « European ficonomic Communityl while GDR became a rownber of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance^ under the soviet patronage* in Eastern mrcspe* Xndia# following a policy of non-alignment as a protest sgainst power politics* declined to accfi^t any of the military alignments* Also* the reunifi* cation of Geriaany seemed to India a historical necei;sity» In heyday o£ Cold t^ar it seeioed that economic aid had always political atringa attached it* Tim (German states (FRG# in ;^articular) achieved econo>tiic miracle within a deca^ of the emergence after the worl<f> War IZ. They becme able to provide India mdh needed econoisic and technical aid without political pii^ricks* which has been an added advantage for a newly emergent India* which followed a policy of non-alignment and did not want to be attached to cither of the power blocs* A iQodest attenipt has been nade in these pages to under* stand and es^lain the co{i|>iex and variegated relationship iii between India and the tvo German states.At best it is a brei£ survey* X am conscious of my own limitations as well as the vast and conplicated nature of the topic with which X have to deal* One point of consolation is that# perhaps* it ie the first attec^t of its kind* 2 mxBt record n^ gratitude to i:r*s«A*H*Bilgremi* Chairraan# ll^epartin^nt of Political i3cicnce#Aligarh Mislim University* cUigarh* who has b^cn an invariable scarce of inspiration; ana without whose guidance and constant encouragement* the con|}lotion o£ this work would have been inpossiblei and to Mrs.^^ilgraioi for coi^t^ies emd kindnesses* X am also grateful to £r*2shtiyaq t^limad 2illi* Lecturer* CCivartuieflt of History* Aliyarh t^slim llnivers^ity*Aligarh for his help and encouragement* X must not forget the help so readily made available to me by ray good and faithful friends* lys Ahmed 3ayeed Khan* Badrul Afaq Usmani* Mohd*H8Sood /tli Khan* Seraj Ahmad* Taqiuddin* Shahid Basheer Khan* s*Xshrat Mi* Anwar Zahaer and l4ohd»QasiBa* I acknowledge with thanks the help render to me by the staff of MaulanA Azad Library where X did most of ay woxki •Iv- Z ^ tSpticielly to m\A£teb Anntad« ^sistant jrfibrarXan who helped ise in mv>.i>y ways* X sua obliged to i-lr^KwUf Ahmau for patiently typing the maiiuucrij.>tt« Deportment o£ political Sciencc, Jhaukot i\li f^iysrh iluDlita University^ IStli Kfovculxir, 19&3# CUtiiKHTS mtWMibl i xiitfiyuucx'xu» % X CULTUiiM* KibiiAi'Iueid 17 l«The ;»piritual uiucovety o£ Xndia** 19 2»uhe ber.ctan Xmage in Znula 25 3«Xagore in Germany 26 4*Modern ZndoXogiats 29 5»Lans]cx-it«<3arj:en Dictionary ••••••• 30 6*Xndio and l^i^O 31 7*Znuia and 36 UQiAi Activities o£ Cultural Policy in India 41 ii«Inuian i^ances 43 iii.At 44 iY.ATt ^jclii^iuion ««*•••••#•••••••• 45 ZndtXveriMuri Cultural aoci&ties ••• 46 ZZ POJUliJlCAL 52 1«India and the German uuestion 58 2«Helati-»n& with Federal Republic of Qerinany« 64 i* The Political Xmaife of India in FRG 73 CHd^i-m PAGE 3* Relations with German Democratic 75 l«Anti*ln|}eriali&in«l»'aci8ni and Racism. 84 ii.Anti^coXonialioni .e* 85 Xxl dCuH^AlC RiuLi^aioiiO 88 i* India and Federal i^cpublic of Germany 88 i«Xnatistrial Collal:oration ••••••••••• 92 iA.Inda-<3orman CiiaJ^er of Commerce «»««100 tm India and Geriuan Ben^^cratic Hc^uMic 103 i«Xn|>orts of bsoential •••107 ii*i<<on«traditional Zteoss •«•••••• •••••109 iiisXnoian j^jency •••.•#.••••••••••••••110 iv.acope for Expansion •••••••••••••••112 IV JCKADlib Kitil.Al'10^ •••••••• •••.•••••114 1* Trade and Payments Agreeu«nts in International Trade Follcy ••••••••••114 2« 9*ro8pf6cts for Mest Germany ••••••••••118 3. Trade and Paynoeuts AgreeiiM&nts with ibast j!.urv4>ean countrie8.««,^*^••••••• 125 4« prospects fur sast Germany ••••• 130 l«liole o£ btate Trading Cox{>oratioa in Xnao^iJH Trade 137 ii«Future oi XndJP •oim xrade ^142 V .146 1* I'echnlcal Coopcjration with iiiO i*Technical Eau^ration ^146 il*^ricuXture iii*Hass Coimmmication ••««,X49 Av«.. k'romotioo of i-s^.orta and Tourism « ^. ^iSl v«XnaoH!&rt(ian coXlaboration in industry rechnlcaX Helations vitii om .168 l«Iii^ortance o£ L,eipzig Fair •«*»*.***X74 ii.Beneficial ££f«ct8 ,•..••175 CONClfUiaiXuisi •••• •••• •••• •••• «<••• ••••• X76 •••• •••• ••••• X90 SIBi^XOGKAfHY ••• •••• 2Xe 1 Zn<Ua*0 foreign relAtions until 1947 wer«# in£act« Great aritan's lasperlal relatiuns* The expansion of British India's influence oV( r South Asia and beyond vau initiated end engineered by the British* India served as the snaj beoe for tliolr political and inilltary operations ia Asia. J^ter independence* India ltd by those who challenged the concvpt o£ ii%criaXisA ^ had more litidt^d imibitionsy pc^ace yoB preferred to power politico;* free association to control* Yet the inij^eratives of national security hed altered little. They quite often created policy dllemtoaa for new Indiai whi-'chcr to follow the precedents established wnC.er the British rule or the priiiciplea lidd down by the Indian tiatiunal Congress before independence. Invariably* *the choice mmn did not fall unifomdy on the side of consistency with the nationalist ideology or o£ the calculated requirements of national interest*.^ One of the striking developments of the twentieth ccntury has been the change in India's attitude towards the world. Frutn an inward looking country* pre-"0ccupied with 1. Heimsath* Cfvarles H. fii ^urjit Mansinghi A Piplowatic Mo^efn vii. itu own «££«irs« first It tested the British vcrsiun of Western culture and then became an increasingly committed participant in International life«>cultural« intellectual and economic* This unprecendented process was ^ided in the poiit>»indcpendence period the ideas and policies of one of the most internationally coni^cious of Indian leaders» 2 Jawaharlal i^ehru. Jawaharlal i^ehru also presided over the entrance of India onto the arona of ^.^rld politics^ Almost until his death, i4ehru*o dominance in the formation of India's foreign policy prevailed without any serioue cliallenge. t-ven today* India's position in world affairs, is« by and l€irge# the satae# on was moulded and ^^roject^d by Jawaharlol I»ehru« 'ilie India of iHehxVL a^^&umed an international posture that to Indians seemed coinfortable and to foreigners appeared characteristic of Indian culture! non->alignment« a position of equilibrium between the two cosseting systems, is etmolo- gically negative as are many of the principal Indian concepts* i»oo*alignment as « concept and m posture is perhaps equally ijiQportant* ^ When Britain declared war against Germany on beptember> 2. Ibid, viil* 3. Ibid. 1939« India was autCMsatically involved in what afterwards becanie a global war* Britain was naturally anxious to utilime 2ndia*s c^ndant resources £or the pro&ec^rttion of the war«^ xhe Znciian peo|.>lea wera thrown into the war against their wishes. In fact the Indian Legislative Assenibly was not consulted when the British declared India at war with many nation^! with whom India hod no quarrel* 5 ihe peoi^le of Germany followed India's freedom struggle with syi%»«:ithy» And after Inciia*s inde$>endence« the peo^jle of Germany cordially granted India her retpi^earance on the otayo of International politics ana assisted her progress along the new road as far as was f.