ESZTER ÓTOTT-KOVÁCS The syntax of non-finite clauses in Kazakh PhD dissertation Supervisors: DR. ÉVA KINCSES NAGY PROF. DR. ANDRÁS RÓNA-TAS University of Szeged Graduate School in Linguistics Altaic Studies Programme Szeged, 2015. Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................6 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................7 1.1. Short history of research and the aim of the dissertation ...................................................7 1.2 Sources and transcription of the Kazakh examples ............................................................8 1.3 Finite and non-finite clauses in Kazakh .............................................................................9 1.4 A short description of Kazakh non-finite clauses............................................................. 14 1.4.1 Converb clauses ....................................................................................................... 14 1.4.2 Nominalized clauses ................................................................................................ 19 1.4.3 Inflectional non-finite clauses .................................................................................. 21 1.5 Overview of the dissertation ........................................................................................... 25 2. Syntactic position of non-finite heads and subjects of non-finite clauses ........................... 26 2.1. Syntactic position of non-finite heads ............................................................................ 27 2.1.1 How to form “verb-CV verb” constructions? ............................................................. 27 2.1.2 Converb clauses and “verb-CV verb” constructions................................................... 31 2.1.3 Order of inflecting verbs (in “verb-CV verb” constructions) ...................................... 33 2.1.3.1 Benefactive constructions .................................................................................. 35 2.1.3.2 Completive constructions .................................................................................. 37 2.1.3.3 Manner constructions ........................................................................................ 41 2.1.3.4 Continuous constructions .................................................................................. 43 2.1.3.5 Notes on complex “verb-CV verb” constructions ................................................ 44 2.1.3.6 Interim summary ............................................................................................... 46 2.1.4 The syntax of “verb-CV verb” constructions ............................................................. 47 2.1.4.1 Inflecting verbs are light verbs .......................................................................... 47 2.1.4.1.1 “True” light verbs .................................................................................................. 48 2.1.4.1.2 Embedded categories ............................................................................................. 49 2.1.4.1.3 Introducing external arguments ............................................................................... 50 2.1.4.1.4 Position ................................................................................................................... 54 2.1.4.1.5 vP-selecting light verbs ........................................................................................... 54 2.1.4.2 “Converb morphemes” in “verb-CV verb” constructions .................................... 56 2.1.5 Verbal functional categories and their order in Kazakh............................................. 57 2.3.5.1 Non-finite heads embedding high light verbs ..................................................... 57 2 2.1.5.2 A non-finite head that cannot embed high light verbs: -y/A ................................ 62 2.1.5.2.1 Notes on complex converb morphemes ................................................................... 64 2.2 Subjects of non-finite clauses .......................................................................................... 67 2.2.1 Subjects and subject cases in Kazakh – An overview ............................................... 68 2.2.1.1 Subjects of converb clauses ............................................................................... 68 2.2.1.2 Subjects of -w-clauses ....................................................................................... 71 2.2.1.3 Subjects of -ĠAn, -y/AtIn and -(A)r-clauses ....................................................... 72 2.2.2 Correlation between the position of non-finite heads and independent subjects ........ 74 3. The underspecified vocabulary item -(I)p .......................................................................... 79 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 79 3.2 Preliminaries................................................................................................................... 79 3.3 -(I)p in low and high positions ........................................................................................ 81 3.3.1 Predicative adjuncts ................................................................................................. 81 3.3.1.1 The -(I)p-head (in predicative adjuncts) embeds VoiceP .................................... 83 3.3.1.2 Predicative adjunct -(I)p-clauses adjoined to the matrix VoiceP......................... 85 3.3.1.3 Summary ........................................................................................................... 86 3.3.2 High attaching -(I)p-constructions ............................................................................ 87 3.3.2.1 -(I)p embeds high light verbs ............................................................................. 87 3.3.2.2 -(I)p modifies the matrix Inflection Phrase ........................................................ 88 3.3.2.3 Summary ........................................................................................................... 89 3.3.3 Underspecification ................................................................................................... 89 3.4 Subordinated and coordinated -(I)p-clauses..................................................................... 92 3.4.1 The scope-over phenomenon .................................................................................... 92 3.4.1.1 No scope-over ................................................................................................... 92 3.4.1.2 Scope-over in coordinated clauses ..................................................................... 93 3.4.2 Symmetrical and asymmetrical operations................................................................ 97 3.4.2.1 Asymmetrical application of certain syntactic operations................................... 97 3.4.2.1.1 Asymmetrical operations are grammatical with certain -(I)p-clauses ........................ 99 3.4.2.1.2 Asymmetrical operations are not grammatical with certain -(I)p-clauses ................ 100 3.4.2.2 Symmetrical syntactic operations .................................................................... 100 3.4.2.2.1 Symmetrical questions are grammatical in certain -(I)p-clauses ............................. 102 3.4.2.2.2 Symmetrical questions are ungrammatical in certain -(I)p-clauses ......................... 103 3.4.3 Cataphoras in subordinated and coordinated clauses ............................................... 103 3 3.4.4 The analysis of coordinated -(I)p-clauses ............................................................... 107 3.5 The underspecified vocabulary item -(I)p ...................................................................... 114 4. Kazakh nominalized and non-nominalized non-finite clauses.......................................... 117 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 117 4.2 Non-finite clauses and deverbal nominals ..................................................................... 121 4.2.1 Deverbal nominals ................................................................................................. 121 4.2.2 “Non-finite morphemes” in deverbal nominals ....................................................... 123 4.3 Non-finite clauses in three syntactic positions: The dataset ........................................... 125 4.3.1 Non-finite clauses in argument position ................................................................. 125 4.3.2 Non-finite clauses modifying nouns ....................................................................... 135 4.3.2.1 Subject relative clauses.................................................................................... 137 4.3.2.2 Non-subject relative clauses ............................................................................ 138 4.3.2.3 Headless relative clauses ................................................................................. 141 4.3.2.4 An idiomatic usage: -AġAn .............................................................................. 142 4.3.3 Non-finite complement clauses of semantic cases or postpositions ......................... 143 4.3.3.1 -w, -(I)s and -MAq-headed non-argument clauses