Intensity frontier in Particle Physics Boštjan Golob University of Ljubljana Introduction (Open questions, Triple Approach) Intensity Frontier (General, B factories) (Examples of) Measurements (CPV, LFU) Specialized Seminar on Experimental Physics Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 1/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary Open questions in particle physics Standard model (SM) of electromagnetic, weak and strong interaction (no, no gravity...) is one of the most successfull and experimentaly best verified physics theories 1945: W. Pauli 1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett ~1/4 of Nobel Prizes 1949: Hideki Yukawa in Physics 1950: Cecil Frank Powell 1957: Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee 1963: Eugene Paul Wigner 1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman 1968: Luis Walter Alvarez 1969: Murray Gell-Mann 1976: Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting 1979: Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg 1980: James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch 1984: Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer 1990: Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor 1999: Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman 2004: David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek 2008: Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa 2013: François Englert, Peter W. Higgs ... @ currently achieved energies & measurement precision .... Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 2/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary Open questions in particle physics SM problems: origin of mass: spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs boson conservation of unitarity (probability) W+ g, Z0 W+ W+ e+ W+ + n W- W- e ne W- e- W- E divergent Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 3/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary Open questions in particle physics SM problems: origin of mass: spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs boson conservation of unitarity (probability) W+ g, Z0 W+ W+ H0 W+ W+ e+ W+ - + n n W W- W- W- + e e W- e- W- unitary if MH O(100 GeV) MH : corrections due to in order for MH O(100 GeV) M = A - B; A/B = 1 + 10-18 0 0 H H t H + ... “Hierarchy Problem” t several solutions: Supersymmetry, Extra dimensions ... “New Physics” (NP) Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 4/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary Open questions in particle physics SM problems: Matter/Antimatter Asymmetry: visible universe – complete matter dominance; one of (Sakharov) conditions – violation of CP symmetry(CPV) in SM - Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix (CKM) q + i Vud Vus Vub W Vcd Vcs Vcb = X V Vtd Vts Vtb ij qj Measured CPV particles/anti-particles several orders of magnitude too small new sources of CPV beyond CKM NP hierarchies: experimentally determined parameters of SM V V Vud us ub e m t u c t -3 -3 Vcd Vcs Vcb m[GeV]: 0,5 ·10 0,1 1,8 2 · 10 0,1 170 V V td ts Vtb unknown symmetries (NP) @ higher energies? Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 5/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary Open questions in particle physics not directly related to SM: gravitation: theory of quantum gravity may yield answers about dark matter & dark energy neutrinos: not massless, oscillating etc.), (ne ↔nm, what is their mass hierarchy, is there CPV in n sector? unification: are all interactions 1 equally strong at high - energies? coupling coupling constant] [ 105 1010 1015 E [GeV] Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 6/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary TRIPLE APPROACH (... TO CONTEPMPORARY HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS) Energy Frontier origin of mass hierar- dark chies matter NP matter/ dark antimatter n‘s energy Intensity Frontier Cosmic Frontier Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 7/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary Experimental view triple approach Energy Frontier origin of mass hierar- dark chies matter NP matter/ dark anti-matter neutrinos energy Cosmic Frontier Intensity Frontier Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 8/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary Experimental view Energy Frontier triple approach Energy Frontier Tevatron, pp large Hadron Collider, origin of mass pp (LHC) Intern. Linear Collider, hierar- dark + - chies matter e e (ILC, CLIC) NP LHC upgrade matter/ dark anti-matter neutrinos energy m collider Cosmic Frontier Intensity Frontier direct search for new particles & processes Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 9/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Introduction CPV Summary Experimental view triple approach Energy Frontier Intensity Frontier super B Factories (Belle II) B Meson factories origin of mass (Belle, BaBar) LHCb upgrade LHCb (LHC) hierar- dark neutrino chies matter experiments Kaon experiments NP : : neutrino matter/ dark experiments anti-matter neutrinos energy Cosmic Frontier : indirects search for : Intensity Frontier contribution of new particles and processes to known phenomena Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 10/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Intensty Frontier CPV Summary Intensity Frontier Experiment Theory Accurate theoretical Precise predictions measurements (within SM) Agreement? Disagreement? SM ok NP? (at given precision) Systematic tests Models of NP (measm‘s of related (predictions of observables) other effects) Identification of Correct NP interpretation Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 11/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Intensty Frontier CPV Summary Intensity Frontier cross-section rate of given dN for given Process L process N Ldt (experiment) dt (physics) luminosity of accelerator integrated luminosity (tehnics) 1 1 stat ( o ) N L N : 10 100 1000 104 m : -0.441± 0.473 0.126 ± 0.326 -0.031± 0.096 0.009± 0.030 Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 12/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Intensty Frontier CPV Summary Intensity Frontier cross-section rate of given dN for given Process L process N Ldt (experiment) dt (physics) luminosity of accelerator integrated luminosity (tehnics) 1 1 stat ( o ) N L N : 10 100 1000 104 m : -0.441± 0.473 0.126 ± 0.326 -0.031± 0.096 0.009± 0.030 Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 13/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Intensty Frontier CPV Summary Intensity Frontier Q.: what is „precise“? A.: Whatever can within the precision exhibit significant deviation from SM prediction. average of of severalaverage = (<o> – o ) ± ( 2+ 2) SM exp sm exp th measurements e e -13 exp(gs )/gs ~8 10 EM interaction -5 weak interaction exp (MZ)/MZ ~2 10 -2 strong interaction exp (as)/ as ~ 10 -23 exp (LLigo)/LLigo~2 10 gravitation (precision of detector) Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 14/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Intensty Frontier CPV Summary Intensity Frontier – B Factories Ldt = 1 ab-1 ~ 1.1 10 9 B0B0 + B+B- 1 ab-1 Ldt Apr ’99 Dec ‘10 1999-2010: Ldt ~ 1 ab-1 Belle, 0.6 ab-1 BaBar Energy: 2018 : Belle II √s=10.58 GeV e+ e- U(4S) B z ~ cbgt U(4S) B B ~ 150mm p(e-)=7.0 GeV p(e+)=4.0 GeV Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 15/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Intensty Frontier CPV Summary Intensity Frontier – B Factories Ldt = 1 ab-1 ~ 1.1 10 9 B0B0 + B+B- 1 ab-1 Ldt Apr ’99 Dec ‘10 1999-2010: Ldt ~ 1 ab-1 Belle, 0.6 ab-1 BaBar Energy: 2018 : Belle II √s=10.58 GeV e+e- q q, l + l - (q=u,d,s,c; l =e,m,t)) Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 16/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier Intensty Frontier CPV Summary Intensity Frontier – B Factories Ldt = 1 ab-1 ~ 1.1 10 9 B0B0 + B+B- 1 ab-1 Ldt Apr ’99 Dec ‘10 1999-2010: Ldt ~ 1 ab-1 Belle, 0.6 ab-1 BaBar Energy: 2018 : Belle II √s=10.58 GeV 1 ab-1 P. Urquijo, Belle2-note-ph-2015-004 Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 17/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier CPV CPV Summary CPV A.D. Sakharov, Pisma Zh. Exp. Teor. Fiz. 5, 32 (1967) CP Violation within SM we know Sakharov conditions for an asymmetric (matter/anti-matter) CPV discovered in 60‘s Universe evolution: in neutral kaon system - barion number non-conservation (Nobel prize in 1980: - CP (and C) symmetry violation J.W. Cronin, V. Fitch) - out-of-equilibrium state is CPV an inherent property 1 2 X → f1 (NB ,r) X → f2 (NB ,1-r) of weak interaction or something else? 1 2 X → f1 (-NB ,r) X → f2 (-NB ,1-r) 1 2 1 2 NB rN B (1 r)NB r(NB ) (1 r)(NB ) 1 2 (r r)(NB NB ) B meson factories: BaBar @ PEPII SLAC CPV barion number violation Belle @ KEKB KEK Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 18/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier CPV CPV Summary CPV q W+ i CP Violation within SM V qj Described by CKM matrix ij - qi Vud Vus Vub W Vcd Vcs Vcb = Vtd Vts Vtb * q V ij j = ~ 0.225 4 free if * parameters Vij=Vij ► L=LCP ► CP simetry is conserved * necessary condition for CPV VijVij ► Ljubljana, April 2018 B. Golob, Intensity Frontier 19/33 General LFU Intensity Frontier CPV CPV Summary CPV U(4S) → B0 B0 CP Violation within SM U(4S) → B0 B0 JPC= 1- - 0- 0- mesons oscillate; B0B0 must be in same Af, Af: instantaneous amplitudes for B, B → f quantum state (one B0, one B0) until1st B decays; D. Kirkby, Y. Nir, CP Violation in Meson Decays, t: time between decays in RPP, PLB 667, 1 (2008) P(,)(,) B00 f t P B f t with some simplifications a CP P(,)(,) B00 f t P B f t (f1=f2=f, z=1, …) Sffsin( m t ) A cos( m t ) manifestation of CPV Sf, Af 0 2 f =(q/p) (Af / Af) = F (arg(Vij),|Vij|) Sf =2 (f) / [ 1+| f | ] 2 2 Af = [ | f | -1] / [ | f | +1] Ljubljana, April 2018 B.