The 4th Industrial Revolution AI, IoT, Big Data and Disruptive Innovations Contents 1 Fourth Industrial Revolution 1 1.1 Industrial revolutions ......................................... 1 1.1.1 First Industrial Revolution .................................. 1 1.1.2 Second Industrial Revolution ................................. 1 1.1.3 Third Industrial Revolution .................................. 1 1.1.4 Fourth Industrial Revolution ................................. 1 1.2 See also ................................................ 2 1.3 References ............................................... 2 2 Artificial intelligence 3 2.1 History ................................................ 3 2.2 Goals ................................................. 4 2.2.1 Reasoning, problem solving ................................. 4 2.2.2 Knowledge representation .................................. 5 2.2.3 Planning ........................................... 5 2.2.4 Learning ........................................... 6 2.2.5 Natural language processing ................................. 6 2.2.6 Perception .......................................... 6 2.2.7 Motion and manipulation ................................... 7 2.2.8 Social intelligence ...................................... 7 2.2.9 Creativity ........................................... 7 2.2.10 General intelligence ..................................... 7 2.3 Approaches .............................................. 7 2.3.1 Cybernetics and brain simulation ............................... 8 2.3.2 Symbolic ........................................... 8 2.3.3 Sub-symbolic ......................................... 9 2.3.4 Statistical ........................................... 9 2.3.5 Integrating the approaches .................................. 9 2.4 Tools ................................................. 9 2.4.1 Search and optimization ................................... 9 2.4.2 Logic ............................................. 10 2.4.3 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning ........................ 10 2.4.4 Classifiers and statistical learning methods .......................... 11 i ii CONTENTS 2.4.5 Neural networks ....................................... 11 2.4.6 Deep feedforward neural networks .............................. 11 2.4.7 Deep recurrent neural networks ............................... 12 2.4.8 Control theory ........................................ 12 2.4.9 Languages .......................................... 12 2.4.10 Evaluating progress ...................................... 12 2.5 Applications .............................................. 13 2.5.1 Competitions and prizes ................................... 13 2.5.2 Healthcare .......................................... 13 2.5.3 Automotive industry ..................................... 13 2.5.4 Finance ............................................ 14 2.6 Platforms ............................................... 14 2.6.1 Partnership on AI ...................................... 14 2.7 Philosophy and ethics ......................................... 14 2.7.1 The limits of artificial general intelligence .......................... 14 2.7.2 Potential risks and moral reasoning ............................. 15 2.7.3 Machine consciousness, sentience and mind ......................... 17 2.7.4 Superintelligence ....................................... 17 2.8 In fiction ............................................... 18 2.9 See also ................................................ 19 2.10 Notes ................................................. 19 2.11 References .............................................. 29 2.11.1 AI textbooks ......................................... 29 2.11.2 History of AI ......................................... 30 2.11.3 Other sources ......................................... 30 2.12 Further reading ............................................ 33 2.13 External links ............................................. 34 3 Our Final Invention 35 3.1 Summary ............................................... 35 3.2 Reception ............................................... 35 3.3 See also ................................................ 35 3.4 References ............................................... 35 3.5 External links ............................................. 36 4 Internet of things 37 4.1 History ................................................. 37 4.2 Applications .............................................. 39 4.2.1 Media ............................................. 39 4.2.2 Environmental monitoring .................................. 39 4.2.3 Infrastructure management .................................. 40 4.2.4 Manufacturing ........................................ 40 CONTENTS iii 4.2.5 Energy management ..................................... 41 4.2.6 Medical and healthcare .................................... 41 4.2.7 Building and home automation ................................ 41 4.2.8 Transportation ......................................... 41 4.2.9 Metropolitan scale deployments ................................ 42 4.2.10 Consumer application ..................................... 42 4.3 Unique addressability of things .................................... 42 4.4 Trends and characteristics ....................................... 42 4.4.1 Intelligence .......................................... 42 4.4.2 Architecture .......................................... 43 4.4.3 Complexity .......................................... 43 4.4.4 Size considerations ...................................... 43 4.4.5 Space considerations ..................................... 43 4.4.6 Sectors ............................................ 44 4.4.7 A Solution to “basket of remotes” ............................... 44 4.5 Frameworks .............................................. 44 4.6 Standards and standards organizations ................................. 44 4.7 Enabling technologies for IoT ..................................... 44 4.7.1 Short-range wireless ..................................... 44 4.7.2 Medium-range wireless .................................... 45 4.7.3 Long-range wireless ..................................... 45 4.7.4 Wired ............................................. 45 4.8 Simulation ............................................... 45 4.9 Politics and civic engagement ..................................... 45 4.10 Government regulation on IoT ..................................... 45 4.11 Criticism and controversies ...................................... 46 4.11.1 Platform fragmentation .................................... 46 4.11.2 Privacy, autonomy and control ................................ 46 4.11.3 Data storage and analytics .................................. 47 4.11.4 Security ............................................ 47 4.11.5 Design ............................................. 48 4.11.6 Environmental sustainability impact ............................. 48 4.11.7 Intentional obsolescence of devices .............................. 48 4.11.8 Confusing terminology .................................... 49 4.12 IoT adoption barriers ......................................... 49 4.12.1 Complexity and unclear value propositions .......................... 49 4.12.2 Privacy and security concerns ................................. 49 4.12.3 Traditional governance structures ............................... 50 4.13 See also ................................................ 50 4.14 References ............................................... 50 4.15 Further reading ............................................ 55 iv CONTENTS 4.16 External links ............................................. 56 5 Big data 57 5.1 Definition ............................................... 57 5.2 Characteristics ............................................ 58 5.3 Architecture .............................................. 58 5.4 Technologies ............................................. 59 5.5 Applications .............................................. 59 5.5.1 Government ......................................... 60 5.5.2 International development .................................. 60 5.5.3 Manufacturing ........................................ 61 5.5.4 Healthcare .......................................... 61 5.5.5 Education ........................................... 61 5.5.6 Media ............................................ 61 5.5.7 Information Technology ................................... 62 5.5.8 Science ............................................ 62 5.5.9 Sports ............................................ 63 5.6 Research activities .......................................... 63 5.6.1 Sampling big data ...................................... 64 5.7 Critique ................................................ 65 5.7.1 Critiques of the big data paradigm .............................. 65 5.7.2 Critiques of big data execution ................................ 65 5.8 See also ................................................ 66 5.9 References .............................................. 66 5.10 Further reading ............................................ 72 5.11 External links ............................................. 72 6 Disruptive innovation 73 6.1 History and usage of the term ..................................... 73 6.2 Theory ................................................. 74 6.3 Disruptive technology ......................................... 75 6.4 High-technology effects ........................................ 76 6.5 Practical example