Alfred Arnold, Stefan Hilse, Stephan Kanthak, Oliver Sellke, Vittorio De Tomasi Macro Assembler AS V1.42 User’s Manual Edition Januar 2002 IBM, PPC403Gx, OS/2, and PowerPC are registered trademarks of IBM Corporation. Intel, MCS-48, MCS-51, MCS-251, MCS-96, MCS-196 und MCS-296 are registered trademarks of Intel Corp. Motorola and ColdFire are registered trademarks of Motorola Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of X/Open Company. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Thorvalds. Microsoft, Windows, and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks not explicitly mentioned in this section and used in this manual are properties of their respective owners. 3 This document has been processed with the LaTeX typesetting system using Digital Unix, Linux, and OS/2 operating systems running on AMD K6 and DEC Alpha processors. Contents 1 Introduction 11 1.1 License Agreement . 11 1.2 General Capabilities of the Assembler . 13 1.3 Supported Platforms . 19 2 Assembler Usage 21 2.1 Hardware Requirements . 21 2.2 Delivery . 22 2.3 Installation . 27 2.4 Start-Up Command, Parameters . 28 2.5 Format of the Input Files . 38 2.6 Format of the Listing . 40 2.7 Symbol Conventions . 42 2.8 Temporary Symbols . 44 2.9 Formula Expressions . 46 2.9.1 Integer Constants . 46 2.9.2 Floating Point Constants . 48 2.9.3 String Constants . 48 2.9.4 Evaluation . 50 2.9.5 Operators . 50 2.9.6 Functions . 50 2.10 Forward References and Other Disasters . 54 2.11 Register Symbols . 58 2.12 Sharefile . 59 2.13 Processor Aliases . 60 4 CONTENTS 5 3 Pseudo Instructions 61 3.1 Definitions . 61 3.1.1 SET and EQU . 61 3.1.2 SFR and SFRB . 63 3.1.3 XSFR and YSFR . 63 3.1.4 LABEL . 64 3.1.5 BIT . 64 3.1.6 DBIT . 65 3.1.7 PORT . 66 3.1.8 REG . 66 3.1.9 LIV and RIV . 66 3.1.10 CHARSET . 67 3.1.11 CODEPAGE . 68 3.1.12 ENUM . 68 3.1.13 STRUCT and ENDSTRUCT . 69 3.1.14 PUSHV and POPV . 70 3.2 Code Modification . 71 3.2.1 ORG . 71 3.2.2 CPU . 75 3.2.3 SUPMODE, FPU, PMMU . 87 3.2.4 FULLPMMU . 88 3.2.5 PADDING . 89 3.2.6 PACKING . 89 3.2.7 MAXMODE . 90 3.2.8 EXTMODE and LWORDMODE . 90 3.2.9 SRCMODE . 90 3.2.10 BIGENDIAN . 91 3.2.11 WRAPMODE . 91 3.2.12 SEGMENT . 92 3.2.13 PHASE and DEPHASE . 93 3.2.14 SAVE and RESTORE . 94 3.2.15 ASSUME . 95 3.2.16 EMULATED . 103 3.2.17 BRANCHEXT . 103 3.3 Data Definitions . 104 3.3.1 DC[.Size] . 104 3.3.2 DS[.Size] . 105 6 CONTENTS 3.3.3 DB,DW,DD,DQ, and DT . 106 3.3.4 DS, DS8 . 108 3.3.5 BYT or FCB . 108 3.3.6 BYTE . 108 3.3.7 DC8 . 109 3.3.8 ADR or FDB . 109 3.3.9 WORD . 109 3.3.10 DW16 . 109 3.3.11 LONG . 110 3.3.12 SINGLE and EXTENDED . 110 3.3.13 FLOAT and DOUBLE . 110 3.3.14 EFLOAT, BFLOAT, and TFLOAT . 110 3.3.15 Qxx and LQxx . 111 3.3.16 DATA . 111 3.3.17 ZERO . 112 3.3.18 FB and FW . 112 3.3.19 ASCII and ASCIZ . 112 3.3.20 STRING and RSTRING . 113 3.3.21 FCC . 113 3.3.22 DFS or RMB . 113 3.3.23 BLOCK . 113 3.3.24 SPACE . 114 3.3.25 RES . 114 3.3.26 BSS . 114 3.3.27 DSB and DSW . 114 3.3.28 DS16 . 114 3.3.29 ALIGN . 115 3.3.30 LTORG . 115 3.4 Macro Instructions . 115 3.4.1 MACRO . 116 3.4.2 IRP . 122 3.4.3 IRPC . 122 3.4.4 REPT . 123 3.4.5 WHILE . 123 3.4.6 EXITM . 124 3.4.7 SHIFT . 124 3.4.8 MAXNEST . 125 CONTENTS 7 3.4.9 FUNCTION . 125 3.5 Conditional Assembly . 127 3.5.1 IF / ELSEIF / ENDIF . 127 3.5.2 SWITCH / CASE / ELSECASE / ENDCASE . 129 3.6 Listing Control . 130 3.6.1 PAGE . 130 3.6.2 NEWPAGE . 131 3.6.3 MACEXP . 132 3.6.4 LISTING . 132 3.6.5 PRTINIT and PRTEXIT . 133 3.6.6 TITLE . 134 3.6.7 RADIX . 134 3.6.8 OUTRADIX . 134 3.7 Local Symbols . 135 3.7.1 Basic Definition (SECTION/ENDSECTION) . 136 3.7.2 Nesting and Scope Rules . 137 3.7.3 PUBLIC and GLOBAL . 140 3.7.4 FORWARD . 141 3.7.5 Performance Aspects . 143 3.8 Miscellaneous . 143 3.8.1 SHARED . 143 3.8.2 INCLUDE . 143 3.8.3 BINCLUDE . 144 3.8.4 MESSAGE, WARNING, ERROR, and FATAL . 145 3.8.5 READ . 146 3.8.6 RELAXED . 147 3.8.7 END . 147 4 Processor-specific Hints 149 4.1 6811 . 149 4.2 PowerPC . 151 4.3 DSP56xxx . 151 4.4 H8/300 . 152 4.5 SH7000/7600/7700 . ..