Technical Report, IDE0709, January 2007 ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS Master’s Thesis in Electrical Engineering Kajetan Feichtenschlager, Petr Knopp School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering, IDE Halmstad University Analysis of Multimedia Networks for Automotive Applications Master’s thesis in Electrical Engineering School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering Halmstad University Box 823, S-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden January 2007 Abstract Automotive manufacturers face interesting challenges as electronic devices are becoming essential in modern vehicles. Therefore new approaches and strategies are to be adopted in order to tackle the coming challenges. One of the most rapidly growing domains is infotainment and telematics, where applications require a large amount of data to be transmitted on-board and also exchanged with the external world. The in-vehicle com- munication networks for infotainment systems must consequently be devised considering the need for transporting the considerable amount of data of multimedia applications as well as features particular to this area. This thesis is intended to analyze possible implementations of multimedia networks for heavy transport vehicles, in relation to various aspects and features in this area. The thesis presents an analysis of different protocols and technologies used in automotive mul- timedia networks. Furthermore, characteristic requirements for automotive electronics systems and especially for automotive multimedia networks are investigated in detail. Based on these requirements different multimedia networks are proposed and studied, making a comparison between them with regard to a number of criteria. A broad approach during the investigation of the multimedia protocols is chosen in order to enlarge the area of used technology and to bring new technologies and possibilities for the truck industry. The observations and the experiences from the car industry are used in the truck domain, where the specifics of the truck industry are taken into account. The comparison gives an insight into the particulars of the proposed solutions from sev- eral viewpoints so that a suitable multimedia network can be selected based on different criteria. i ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS ii Acknowledgement This thesis results from close cooperation with Volvo 3P. Therefore we would like to thank our supervisor in Volvo 3P Alejandro Cort´esfor providing us with the valuable informations and pleasant environment in the premises of Volvo 3P. Our thanks also belongs to our supervisor in Halmstad. iii ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS iv Acronyms ACK/NAK Acknowledge/No Acknowledge: Indicates that a message was or was not received correctly. BER Bit Error Rate: is the ratio between the number of bits which were transmitted incorrectly and the total amount of bits trans- mitted. CAN Controller Area Network: Most common field bus to connect the ECUs in todays vehicles CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check: Is an algorithm to detect data trans- mission errors CCP Consumer Convenience Port DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial: Standard for digital TV d2B Domestic Digital Bus: An early multimedia network for vehicles based on an optical physical layer DTCP Digital Transmission Content Protection EBS Electronic Brake System ECU Electronic Control Unit: A microprocessor which controls cer- tain functions in a vehicle GPS Global Positioning System HMI Human Machine Interface LED Light Emitting Diode LIN Local Interconnect Network: A low-cost low-speed in-vehicle net- work, used for sensors and actuators MSC Message Sequence Chart OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer PCM Pulse Code Modulation PCS or HCS Polymer/Hard Clad Silica PLL Phase-locked Loop POF Plastic Optical Fiber RDS Radio Data System RGB An color encoding system, where R, G and B represent the value of the red, the green and the blue part of a pixel RTAI Linux Real-Time Linux S/PDIF Sony Philips Digital Interface Format VCSEL Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser YUV An color encoding system, where Y represents the brightness, U and V contain the color information v ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS vi CONTENTS Contents Abstract i Acknowledgement iii Acronyms v 1 Introduction and Related Projects 1 1.1 Introduction . 3 1.2 Background - Automotive Embedded Systems . 4 1.3 Telematic and Infotainment Systems . 4 1.3.1 Safety and Security . 4 1.3.2 Remote Vehicle Diagnostics . 5 1.3.3 In-Vehicle Telephony Systems . 5 1.3.4 Navigation and Fleet Management . 5 1.3.5 Audio Video Systems . 6 1.3.6 Connectivity . 6 1.4 Related Projects . 6 1.4.1 Prototype of IDB-1394 Network . 6 1.4.2 SCOOT-R . 7 1.4.3 Ad-hoc Network . 8 1.4.4 Video Transfer over WLAN . 9 1.4.5 MOST Networks in the Car Industry . 9 2 Automotive Networks and Protocols 11 2.1 MOST . 13 2.1.1 Application Section . 14 2.1.2 Network Section . 16 2.1.3 Physical Section . 20 2.2 IDB-1394 . 23 2.2.1 IDB-1394 Specification . 23 2.2.2 Topology Configuration . 24 2.2.3 Normal Arbitration . 24 2.2.4 Performance . 25 2.2.5 VersaPHY . 25 2.3 SAE J1939 . 25 2.3.1 Physical Layer . 25 2.3.2 Data Link Layer . 26 2.3.3 Network Layer . 26 2.3.4 Vehicle Application Layer . 27 2.3.5 Network Management . 27 2.4 APIX Link . 27 2.5 Physical Layer . 28 vii ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS 2.5.1 Electrical Medium . 28 2.5.2 Optical Medium . 28 2.5.3 Cable Comparison . 29 3 Performance Requirements 31 3.1 Performance Requirements and Characteristics of Automotive Multimedia Systems . 33 3.1.1 Requirements of automotive electronics . 33 3.1.1.1 Cost . 33 3.1.1.2 Dependability . 34 3.1.1.3 Flexibility . 34 3.1.1.4 Standardization . 34 3.1.1.5 Compatibility . 35 3.1.1.6 Scalability . 35 3.1.1.7 Variability . 35 3.1.1.8 Responsibility . 35 3.1.2 Requirements of Telematic and Infotainment systems . 35 3.1.2.1 Bandwidth . 36 3.1.2.2 QoS . 36 3.1.2.3 Delay . 36 3.1.2.4 Branding . 36 3.1.2.5 Power Supply . 36 3.1.2.6 Packaging . 36 3.1.2.7 Software strategy . 37 3.1.2.8 Feature expansion possibility . 37 3.1.2.9 Technology risks . 37 3.1.2.10 Specific Aspects . 37 3.1.3 Relations between Aspects . 38 4 Evaluation of different topologies 39 4.1 CAN-based Networks . 41 4.1.1 Typical Multimedia Topology for Trucks . 41 4.1.2 Description . 41 4.1.3 Communication . 41 4.1.4 Aspects . 42 4.1.5 Summary . 44 4.2 MOST50 Network . 44 4.2.1 Description . 44 4.2.2 Related projects . 45 4.2.3 Communication . 46 4.2.4 Aspects . 47 4.2.5 Summary . 49 4.3 Network based on IDB-1394 . 49 4.3.1 Description . 49 4.3.2 Aspects . 50 4.3.3 Summary . 51 4.4 Network using the APIX link . 51 viii CONTENTS 4.4.1 Description . 51 4.4.2 Communication . 52 4.4.3 Aspects . 54 4.4.4 Summary . 55 4.5 Comparison of the Proposed Networks . 55 4.6 Conclusions . 56 ix ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS x LIST OF TABLES List of Tables 1 MOST network matching the OSI Model . 13 2 IDB-1394 network matching the OSI Model . 24 3 SAE J1939 network matching the OSI Model . 26 4 Comparison of cables used in the automotive networks[27] . 30 5 Aspects of the particular solutions compared to each other . 55 xi ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS xii LIST OF FIGURES List of Figures 1 Virtual and real communication between two devices [9] . 15 2 MOST Network Service [9] . 17 3 Structure of MOST25 Data Frame [9] . 18 4 Structure of MOST50 Data Frame . 18 5 Development of the Intelligent NIC from Network Interface Controller [22] . 22 6 Performance requirements . 33 7 Insufficiency of the CAN bus as a multimedia network . 42 8 CAN-based solution . 43 9 MOST50 Network . ..