Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2011 A Comparative Study of the Concept of Atonement in the Writings of John R. W. Stott and Ellen G. White Lawrence O. Oladini Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, and the Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons Recommended Citation Oladini, Lawrence O., "A Comparative Study of the Concept of Atonement in the Writings of John R. W. Stott and Ellen G. White" (2011). Dissertations. 117. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/117 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. ABSTRACT A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF ATONEMENT IN THE WRITINGS OF JOHN R. W. STOTT AND ELLEN G. WHITE by Lawrence O. Oladini Chair: John T. Baldwin ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF ATONEMENT IN THE WRITINGS OF JOHN R. W. STOTT AND ELLEN G. WHITE Name of researcher: Lawrence O. Oladini Name and degree of faculty adviser: John T. Baldwin, Ph.D. Date completed: July 2011 The study examines two evangelical penal substitutionary theologies of atonement presented by John Stott and Ellen White. It adopts a descriptive and analytic approach to examine the respective atonement theologies of both authors. Chapter 1 introduces the purpose of the dissertation and the methodology adopted. Chapter 2 examines the different theories of atonement in Christian theology. Chapters 3 and 4 examine the respective atonement theologies of Stott and White. Chapter 5 is a comparative analysis of the concept of atonement in both authors, while chapter 6 summarizes the conclusions of the study. Purpose The purpose of the research is to describe, analyze, and compare the concept of atonement as articulated in the theological writings of Stott and White. The study endeavors to explore the contrasting scope of atonement present in the two respective theological systems. It also aims at discovering whether there are any evangelical theological bases for a rapprochement between Stott‘s atonement theology (which is centered on the cross) and that of White (which is also centered on the cross, but also includes the heavenly sanctuary ministry of Christ). Additionally, the research also aims at finding out the reasons for the differences in their atonement theologies, since they both subscribe to the penal substitutionary view. Another goal of the research is to discover any distinctive contributions that both theologies might have made to the Christian theology of atonement. Method In order to bring out the similarities and differences between the two theologies of atonement, the study examines their respective assumptions, presuppositions, and methodology. Other relevant criteria used in the comparative study include the centrality of the cross, the achievement of the cross, atonement as substitution, the high priestly ministry of Christ, and the scope of the atonement. Conclusion The conclusion of the study reveals that the atonement theologies of Stott and White reveal a common commitment to two pillars of evangelicalism, namely the supreme authority of Scripture and the penal substitutionary view of atonement. However, critical differences between the two theologies in their respective presuppositions in their doctrines of God in relation to atonement on the cross versus atonement in stages, the extent of the atonement, the issue of the revocability of justification, the cosmic controversy theme, and the high priestly ministry of Christ seem to account for the differences observed in the theologies. Overall, White‘s theology seems to be broader in its presentation of the scope of the atonement and seems to be more consistent with the scriptural evidence. It is hoped that the renewed interest in the judgment aspect of the atonement by some evangelical theologians in recent times may lead to a more sympathetic examination of the broader view of White on atonement in the wider evangelical theological arena. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF ATONEMENT IN THE WRITINGS OF JOHN R. W. STOTT AND ELLEN G. WHITE A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Lawrence O. Oladini July 2011 © Copyright by Lawrence O. Oladini 2011 All Rights Reserved A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF ATONEMENT IN THE WRITINGS OF JOHN R. W. STOTT AND ELLEN G. WHITE A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy by Lawrence O. Oladini APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE: ________________________________ _____________________________ Faculty Adviser, Director of Ph.D./Th.D. Program John T. Baldwin Thomas Shepherd Professor of Theology ________________________________ _____________________________ Peter M. van Bemmelen Dean, SDA Theological Seminary Professor of Theology, Emeritus Denis Fortin ________________________________ _____________________________ Denis Fortin Date approved Professor of Theology DEDICATION To my wife, Bosede, my three adult children, Tolu, Bolu, and Funmi, who endured years of emotional, and financial sacrifice, but kept the hope alive that their husband and father will ―one day‖ finish the dissertation that he began. To the memory of my late father, James Adeyera Oladini, who from childhood taught me and my siblings the value of excellence in education. To the members and leaders of the congregations of which I am the pastor, for their patience, understanding and cooperation, throughout the period of my research. And to the glory of the Lord Jesus, whose grace has made it possible for me to write this dissertation on the greatest theme of all times and eternity, the atonement provided pro nobis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................. viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 Background to the Problem ..................................... 1 Statement of The Problem ...................................... 6 Purpose ................................................... 14 Justification ................................................ 14 Limitations ................................................ 16 Method ................................................... 17 II. THEORIES OF ATONEMENT .................................. 18 Ransom Theory ............................................. 18 Irenaeus (140-202) ...................................... 19 Gregory of Nyssa (335-395)............................... 23 Gregory of Nazianzus (329-389) ........................... 25 Evaluation of the Ransom Theory .......................... 27 The Satisfaction Theory of Anselm (c. 1033-1109) .................. 28 Evaluation of the Satisfaction Theory ............................ 33 Moral Influence Theory: Peter Abelard (1079-1142) ................. 36 Evaluation of the Moral Influence Theory ......................... 39 Penal Substitution Theory ..................................... 40 Martin Luther (1483-1546) ............................... 41 John Calvin (1509-1564) ................................. 45 Evaluation of the Penal Substitution Theory ....................... 50 The Socinian Theory: The Example View ......................... 52 Evaluation of the Socinian Theory .............................. 55 Governmental Theory: Hugo Grotius (A.D. 1583-1645) .............. 56 Evaluation of Governmental Theory ............................. 60 Contemporary Theories ....................................... 61 Views of Satisfaction or Penal Substitution ................... 62 Views of Moral Influence ................................ 64 Views of Vicarious Confession or Vicarious Penitence .......... 65 Views of Sacrifice ...................................... 66 The View of Victory over the Evil Powers .................... 67 Summary.................................................. 69 iv III. THE ATONEMENT THEOLOGY OF JOHN STOTT ................. 70 John Stott and His Writings .................................... 70 Assumptions, Presuppositions, and Methodology ................... 73 Assumptions and Presuppositions .......................... 74 God and Forgiveness of Human Sin .................... 75 The Gravity of Sin ................................. 77 Human Moral Responsibility and Guilt .................. 79 The Wrath of God .................................. 83 Methodology .......................................... 87 The Authority of the Bible ........................... 89 The Interpretation of the Bible ........................ 98 Centrality of the Cross....................................... 110 The Perspective of Jesus ................................ 113 The Perspective of the Apostles . 117 The Perspective of New Testament Writers .................. 121 Atonement as Penal